Alien life :Next thinking[ PART:1]
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: March 25, 2009
Carbon is a great molecular glue. Simply take carbon and add water , you have just got life. Well, it is not quite that simple , but water and carbon combo has succeeded to win life , at least on planet earth. This combo has successfully spread his root all over on planet Earth . It is worth considering that what may be death to us , may be life for other beings. Many of researcher and biochemists also speculated that there are several combination of molecule and solvents that may cause life forms too much differs from us that we have never thought about it. Currently we are thinking about only our version of “sweet spot”. Our searches for extra-terrestrial life forms is totally focused on planets similar to others. There are many biochemistries which may exist in such extreme conditions , we have never thought about it like on venus , saturn, jupiter and even in neptune and uranus. It is worth considering that who do their lab work , are a simply carbon based human working in planet earth’s atmospheric conditions . Ammonia has almost same properties that of the water on extreme condition .it is also good solvent . May be it’s possible that water is last possibility for capable of having life forms in extreme environmental condition as on planet Earth.
Even counter intuitive element such as arsenic may be capable of supporting life forms under right conditions . Even on earth some marine algae incorporate arsenic into complex organic molecules such as arsenosugars and arsenobetains. Several other small life forms use arsenic to generate energy and fascilate growth. Chlorine and sulfur are also possible elemental replacement for carbon. Sulfur capable of of forming long again molecules like carbon . Some terrestrial bacteria have already been discovered to survive on sulfur rather than oxygen , by reducing sulfur to hydrogen sulfide . Nitrogen and phosphorus could also form biochemically molecules. Phosphorus is similar to carbon in that it form long again on its own,. ..,continue…
World’s Largest Snake
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: April 27, 2009
Titanic Boa
Titanic boa is largest snake ever discovered. They were between 12 and 15 meter or 33 to 49feet in length and weight about 1135kg or 2500lbs with a diameter of 1 meter at the thickest part of the body.
It is believed to have lived approximately 60 to 58 million years ago, in paleocene epoch. It was recently discovered in columbia.
Gigantophis Garstini is another prehistoric snake believed to have measured more than 10 meters, larger than any living species of snake. It was the largest snake before the discovery of Titanoboa. Gigantophis lived approximately 40million years ago in Southern Sahara where Egypt and Algeria situated.
The Lindorms (DRAGON)
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: April 29, 2009
THE LINDORMS
A 19th century scandinallian creature rumored to be a mythical dragon like beast. It is often seen the country(SWEDEN) around marshes, caves and large bodies of water. There have been 40plus eyewitness accounts of this creature. Reports have the Lindorms being 10-20 long, with a body as a man’s thigh, black with yellow flammed belly, a mouth full of white shining sharp teeth, large saucer like eyes, and widely body. It behaves like a snake when cornered. It will rear up on It’s tail in a strike on pounce stance, behave in an aggressive and powerful manner and is also very ill tempered. It is difficult to destroy and when successfully killed will emit a foul smelling odor when in final death throes. Lindorms remain on land until too large to move about easily them it takes to the water where it again begins to grow. Although there are many witnesses, there has been no physical evidence of the existence of Lindorms which has led some to believe in “collective hallucinations”. However, due to high rumor of first hand accounts, not to mention the absurdity of collective or group hallucinations, it is more likely to have been a very live creature at one time and perhaps still. It doesn’t likely that 40plus witnesses could describe it unless they have actually seen it. What do you feel ? Tell me leaving your comment
2012 Doomsday: What Is Truth?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 10, 2009
- In: Review| conspiracy| mystery
- 4 Comments
2012 is coming very soon. The movie, that is — the disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich depicting global catastrophe of Biblical proportions. The year itself is of course a few dozen months away, and there is growing interest, excitement, and concern for both events.
The film “2012,” which opens Nov. 13, takes place, rather obviously, in the year 2012, though it could have been set in 1995 or 2013. The movie’s disasters have no particular link to that year, it’s just when the Earth happens to start burping earthquakes and farting fire. 2012 made a perfect promotional hook for the film, because the ancient Mayans predicted that the world would end that year, if not specifically on December 21, 2012.
That’s one story, anyway.
Whether or not 2012 will bring cataclysmic volcanism or a great flood, it has undeniably brought a flood of books. New Age and doomsday authors have been cranking out 2012-themed books at an amazing pace over the past few years; there are literally thousands of such titles in print, with more on the way.
While many authors and 2012 “experts” are playing up the doomsday scenario, others believe that the year will bring not disaster but a new era of global harmony (as in what did not happen with the so-called Harmonic Convergence in 1987). It seems that anyone with access to a keyboard and an opinion on 2012 (or prophecy in general) is trying to cash in. (It will be interesting to see how many of those books will be for sale on Amazon.com for one cent on Jan. 1, 2013.)
Mayan myth
In fact, the link between global catastrophe and Mayan calendar-based prophecy is largely fiction. Ads for “2012″ begin with the phrase, “The Mayans warned us,” though of course the Mayans did not “warn” anyone — they simply had a calendar system that happens to “end” in 2012, much as the way the Gregorian calendar on my office wall “ends” on Dec. 31.
The Mayans never said the world would end that year, and modern Mayans have shown irritation with how their culture has been co-opted into pop culture notions and Hollywood blockbuster film promotions.
John Major Jenkins, a Maya scholar and author of “The 2012 Story,” notes that “when the 2012 bug started to bite the mainstream press and many more books started to appear, authors and the media were pulling the 2012 topic in predictably weird directions.”
The 2012 link to the Maya is not a hoax; their calendar does in fact conclude in that year. Just what that means — if anything — is the question.
Of course, the Mayans were only one of dozens of major civilizations, and there is no particular reason to assume that the Mayan calendar is any more cosmically significant or valid than any of hundreds of other calendar systems used throughout history.
Appealing mysticism
So why this focus on the Mayans?
Part of the reason the New Age crowd has embraced the Mayan calendar (instead of, say, the Hindu calendar) is that the Mayans fit perfectly into their ideas about the ancient wisdom of the “noble savage.” Belief that ancient civilizations (such as the Mayans and Egyptians) were far more advanced than often claimed permeates New Age thought, and the idea that Mayan mystics somehow knew of the world’s end millennia ago is very appealing.
There have also been several outright hoaxes connected to 2012, most notably the claim that Nibiru, a non-existent planet supposedly discovered by the ancient Sumerians, will encounter Earth in 2012 and cause havoc, including a reversal of the geomagnetic poles.
NASA has been accused of covering up the existence of Nibiru, presumably to prevent mass panic (a theme that also appears in the film). Doomsdays come and go, but conspiracy theories are forever.
SciTech:The Future Is Now!
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 10, 2009
- In: Aliens| Culture| Review
- 2 Comments
As a kid, one of my biggest dreams for the future was to have Star Trek sliding doors – imagine hearing that ‘whoosh’ as you went into the kitchen to get some toast. It seems that, not only do we have BETTER Trek doors, but we also managed to do a couple of other things on the way. Take a look at some of the most amazing things happening right now:
TELEPORTATION
So they’ve only managed to tangle up some elementary particles, but it’s a good start, and they think they know where to go next. It involves lots of Quantum Physics insanity, where merely observing the state of a particle can fix or change it, and when that particle is ‘entangled’ with another (more crazy Physics), the two are inextricably linked, no matter their distance from one-another; changes to one are replicated in the other. Hopefully it won’t end up like poor Seth Brundle’s Telepods did.
LASERS (the shooting kind, not the optical disc kind)
“Boeing conducted a series of tests at Redstone Arsenal in Alabama with a 1-kw laser mounted on the back of a converted anti-aircraft Humvee. Shooting an invisible beam just a few centimetres in diameter and 20 times hotter than an electric stovetop, the laser burned a hole through the casing of artillery and mortar rounds, detonating them more or less instantly.” (from Popular Mechanics)
Yes folks. We now have weaponised Lasers, capable of shooting drone planes out of the sky. It’ll be a while before we can carry one on our hip though, as the current Laser Gun is so big it needs to be mounted on the top of a massive Humvee Jeep, but rest-assured; your kids will one day be able to re-enact the Greedo/Solo Mos Eisley bar scene with complete authenticity…
FTL TRAVEL or WARP SPEED
Yeah – this one’s a bit dubious, as it’s only a proposed idea for a Warp style propulsion system. Still, the will’s there. Using more energy than all of humanity produces in a millennia, they think that it should be possible to ‘Travel Without Moving’ (to quote Dune). The trick is to make space-time expand behind you, and contract in-front of you… and viola: Space just re-arranges itself around you to get you to those hot chicks on Risa that much quicker.
ALIEN LIFE
It’s pretty much a given now, but if you’d have asked me in 1985 whether I thought we would find extra-terrestrial life before 2010, I’d have laughed my backside off. There’s the rock (a potato sized lump of the Igneous variety, also known as ALH84001) that scientists think holds fossilised remains of microbes 4 Billion years old, and then there’s the unexplained Methane on Mars which, it’s been hypothesised, could well be a sign of life there as we speak. Now if we could only catalogue all the life on our own planet…
CRYO-STASIS
This was the big new thing in the Seventies and Eighties, but interest seems to have died off a bit, as the realisation that cures for old-age and deadly illnesses are not exactly coming thick and fast… but if it’s good enough for Buck Rogers, it’s good enough for me.
Truly, I jest. The scaremongering efforts of what appear to be ex-used car salesmen sicken me to my very core. Here’s the tagline:
“Your Last Best Chance For Life–and Your Family’s.”
Nice, huh? Use our service, or die like everybody else. Thanks, but I’ll take my chances – and my cash.
THOUGHT CONTROLLED COMPUTERS
And you thought that mind-controlled computers would just be for the Army? This is a kids’ toy to control a white ball… simple in theory, but the unit uses EEG technology like that used in hospitals, to monitor your brainwaves and translate those thoughts into motion.
The [Star Wars] Force Trainer (expected to be priced at $90 to $100) comes with a headset that uses brain waves to allow players to manipulate a sphere within a clear 10-inch-tall training tower, analogous to Yoda and Luke Skywalker’s abilities in the Star Wars films.
And finally:
STAR TREK DOORS V2.0!
Forget your swooshing v1.0 doors – these ‘modern’ updates are near silent – and go one better than the classic sliders: They only open enough for you to pass through! Made up of slats with IR sensors, they can detect the width of the object trying to pass through, and open accordingly… check the video on the other side of the link, you’ll see what I mean.
We’re still missing a couple of things; Artificial Intelligence is still a ‘Work In Progress’, although online ‘chatbots’ are getting better every year – see http://www.elbot.com to chat to the most successful A.I. so far. Cloning’s getting there, and surgery keeps plodding on. I’m sure I even read somewhere that there were serious plans to get a Space-Elevator underway (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator)…
Have you seen something better? Does your school Physics teacher have an inexplicable supply of hot Earl Grey Tea? Has your Dad been sending your Mom out late at night for coal and ice-cream? Let us know with a comment – and a link if you have one.
Understanding Newtonian Mechanics
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 10, 2009
Newtonian mechanics has marked the beginning of a new era for physics. Indeed the newtonian formulation of the gravitational force has allowed to prove the heliocentric theory developped by Copernicus and defended by Galileo. It is a very interesting story that deserve a full post (maybe one day, if I have enough time…).
I’m writing this post because I had to teach to freshmen the foundations of newtonian mechanics. The point is I never liked how formulas were dropped from nowhere when I was a freshman myself. First there was a speach about inertia principle (or newtonian first law of motion), then the teacher would introduce the famous vectorial relation (second law of motion). But the second one was not derived directly from the first one. And yet it is an immediate work.
What is inertia : “The vis insita, or innate force of matter is a power of resisting, by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavors to preserve in its present state, whether it be of
rest, or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line.”
That’s how Newton defined it in his Principia. It simply states that an object doesn’t change his current motion until it has a good reason, or otherwise,if there’s no cause, there is no consequences… Written formally for an isolated object (
being the
velocity of the object considered).
Once Newton introduced infinitesimal calculus, it was easy to formally link the velocity to the acceleration , particularly interesting for non-constant
.
Now, we can notice that any object that is dropped with no speed (), will start moving under the action of gravity. Before it touches the ground, we have a non-null
. Something acts on it and accelerates it.
For the proportionnality coefficient, one can simply notice that pushing a mass demands twice the force needed to push a mass
, thus introducing an extensive quantity called inertial mass. Why inertial? simply because it quantifies how much a body resists to a change in its current state. It is easy to illustrate that with a spring and two bodies with the same mass, and a non-frictionnal support. Try to pull one of the bodies with the spring, and then both at the same time, and you’ll simply notice that the spring extension will double (the extension of the spring is proportionnal to the force applied).
Finally we end with: .
Impossible Teleportation
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 7, 2009
This time the idea of teleporting matter existed only in science fiction and the dense equations of quantum theory. As a result of experiments conducted in Europe since then, the notion that matter can be moved from here to there without being anywhere in between has achieved new respectability.
Understand that a teleportation system won’t work anything at all like the transporter that Captain Kirk used to beam down to class M planets. That fictional machine “beamed” the body mass of crew members into space as energy. The type of teleportation system being discussed by scientists such as Charles H. Bennett–a physicist at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., who conceived of the current approach–would send only information about the atoms that compose the traveler. At the destination this information would then be used to assemble a copy of the traveler from local materials.
This may seem as preposterous as Scotty managing to keep his accent after a lifetime spent working with people who talk like they’re from Jersey, save one fact: Researchers have already proved it is possible to “teleport” this sort of quantum information about a photon, or packet of light. The Austrian and Italian teams that did this work are now designing experiments that would enable them to teleport an electron.
Electrons–the lightweight, negatively charged particles that orbit the nuclei of atoms–are responsible for most everything we see around us. Not the least of which are our bodies. Electrons perform many functions, including coupling atoms together to form molecules.
One of the most important characteristics of an electron is a property called spin. As the diagram on the opposite page shows, an electron can have either a clockwise or counterclockwise spin relative to a magnetic field. Physicists describe the spin as being “up” or “down.” Under certain circumstances electrons created at the same moment can enter into what is called an “entangled state.” From that time forward, they remain linked even though they are physically separated.
It’s like this: Imagine for a moment that you take a pair of coins from your pocket and give one to a friend, who travels to, say, Hong Kong. When your friend arrives he calls you on the phone and the two of you start flipping your coins simultaneously. Now imagine that for some reason every time your coin lands heads-up, his coin lands heads-down. And every time your coin lands tails-up, his coin lands tails-down. Impossible, right?
Yet that’s the way it works in the subatomic realm. Just substitute entangled electrons for coins, and spin for heads and tails. The rules of quantum theory require that if the spin on one entangled electron is up, the spin of the other must be down. Even if the two electrons are a thousand–or 10 million–miles apart.
Hang on, things are about to get stranger. Before a real coin hits the ground it has an equal chance of landing heads or tails. However, the rules of quantum theory require electrons in an entangled state each to have spin that is both up and down.
 |
| In superposition of two electrons, spin is both up and down. |
Their spins don’t become fixed until the electrons are “observed” see “Executing Schrödinger’s Cat,” Oct. 1997. Bennett believes a particle’s ability to exist in this “superposition” holds the key to building a real teleporter.
Stripped to its basics, a teleporter would work something like this: An object is scanned atom by atom. This process breaks up the atom to create entangled pairs of particles. The entangled pairs are stretched so that the superposition extends between the transmitting and receiving points. At the receiving end, the information contained in the “superposition” of entangled particles is used to duplicate the original quantum conditions–in atoms drawn from the immediate surroundings. You disintegrate at one end and pop out at your destination, literally a new person.
Don’t cancel your frequent flyer programs just yet. The process needs to be scaled up a bit first. For their next step, teams at the University of Innsbruck in Austria and the University of Rome are preparing to teleport an electron. A whole atom and molecule come next. Within a decade, Anton Zeilinger of the Austrian team believes it will be possible to teleport a small virus.
Teleporting the flu may seem a dubious enterprise. But consider this: If a small package of genetic material could be teleported, why couldn’t the genome containing the blueprint for the human body?
Special Post:Warp Drive
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 7, 2009
We have always fascinated towards faster than light travel. And we really need it to explore more and more for the sake of science. Here are some some files I’m uploading here for better understanding of faster than light travel.
miguel alcubierre warp drive proposal
Is Time Travel Possible? Why Time Travel Is Possible?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 7, 2009
- In: cosmology| physics| space| ufo
- 4 Comments
In one of the wildest developments in serious science for decades, researchers from California to Moscow have recently been investigating the possibility of time travel. They are not, as yet, building TARDIS lookalikes in their laboratories; but they have realised that according to the equations of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity (the best theory of time and space we have), there is nothing in the laws of physics to prevent time travel. It may be extremely difficult to put into practice; but it is not impossible.
It sounds like science fiction, but it is taken so seriously by relativists that some of them have proposed that there must be a law of nature to prevent time travel and thereby prevent paradoxes arising, even though nobody has any idea how such a law would operate. The classic paradox, of course, occurs when a person travels back in time and does something to prevent their own birth — killing their granny as a baby, in the more gruesome example, or simply making sure their parents never get together, as in Back to the Future. It goes against commonsense, say the sceptics, so there must be a law against it. This is more or less the same argument that was used to prove that space travel is impossible.
So what do Einstein’s equations tell us, if pushed to the limit? As you might expect, the possibility of time travel involves those most extreme objects, black holes. And since Einstein’s theory is a theory of space and time, it should be no surprise that black holes offer, in principle, a way to travel through space, as well as through time. A simple black hole won’t do, though. If such a black hole formed out of a lump of non-rotating material, it would simply sit in space, swallowing up anything that came near it. At the heart of such a black hole there is a point known as a singularity, where space and time cease to exist, and matter is crushed to infinite density. Thirty years ago, Roger Penrose (now of Oxford University) proved that anything which falls into such a black hole must be drawn into the singularity by its gravitational pull, and also crushed out of existence.
But, also in the 1960s, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr found that things are different if the black hole is rotating. A singularity still forms, but in the form of a ring, like the mint with a hole. In principle, it would be possible to dive into such a black hole and through the ring, to emerge in another place and another time. This “Kerr solution” was the first mathematical example of a time machine, but at the time nobody took it seriously. At the time, hardly anybody took the idea of black holes seriously, and interest in the Kerr solution only really developed in the 1970s, after astronmers discovered what seem to be real black holes, both in our own Milky Way Galaxy and in the hearts of other galaxies.
This led to a rash of popular publications claiming, to the annoyance of many relativists, that time travel might be possible. In the 1980s, though, Kip Thorne, of CalTech (one of the world’s leading experts in the general theory of relativity), and his colleagues set out to prove once and for all that such nonsense wasn’t really allowed by Einstein’s equations. They studied the situation from all sides, but were forced to the unwelcome conclusion that there really was nothing in the equations to prevent time travel, provided (and it is a big proviso) you have the technology to manipulate black holes. As well as the Kerr solution, there are other kinds of black hole time machine allowed, including setups graphically described as “wormholes”, in which a black hole at one place and time is connected to a black hole in another place and time (or the same place at a different time) through a “throat”. Thorne has described some of these possibilities in a recent book, Black Holes and Time Warps (Picador), which is packed with information but far from being an easy read. Now, Michio Kaku, a professor of physics in New York, has come up with a more accessible variation on the theme with his book Hyperspace (Oxford UP), which (unlike Thorne’s book) at least includes some discussion of the contribution of researchers such as Robert Heinlein to the study of time travel. The Big Bang, string theory, black holes and baby universes all get a mention here; but it is the chapter on how to build a time machine that makes the most fascinating reading.
“Most scientists, who have not seriously studied Einstein’s equations,” says Kaku, “dismiss time travel as poppycock”. And he then goes on to spell out why the few scientists who have seriously studied Einstein’s equations are less dismissive. Our favourite page is the one filled by a diagram which shows the strange family tree of an individual who manages to be both his/her own father and his/her own mother, based on the Heinlein story “All you zombies –”. And Kaku’s description of a time machine is something fans of Dr Who and H.G. Wells would be happy with:
[It] consists of two chambers, each containing two parallel metal plates. The intense electric fields created between each pair of plates (larger than anything possible with today’s technology) rips the fabric of space-time, creating a hole in space that links the two chambers.
Taking advantage of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which says that time runs slow for a moving object, one of the chambers is then taken on a long, fast journey and brought back: Time would pass at different rates at the two ends of the wormhole, [and] anyone falling into one end of the wormhole would be instantly hurled into the past or the future [as they emerge from the other end].
And all this, it is worth spelling out, has been published by serious scientists in respectable journals such as Physical Review Letters (you don’t believe us? check out volume 61, page 1446). Although, as you may have noticed, the technology required is awesome, involving taking what amounts to a black hole on a trip through space at a sizeable fraction of the speed of light. We never said it was going to be easy! So how do you get around the paradoxes? The scientists have an answer to that, too. It’s obvious, when you think about it; all you have to do is add in a judicious contribution from quantum theory to the time travelling allowed by relativity theory. As long as you are an expert in both theories, you can find a way to avoid the paradoxes.
It works like this. According to one interpretation of quantum physics (there are several interpretations, and nobody knows which one, if any, is “right”), every time a quantum object, such as an electron, is faced with a choice, the world divides to allow it to take every possibility on offer. In the simplest example, the electron may be faced with a wall containing two holes, so that it must go through one hole or the other. The Universe splits so that in one version of reality — one set of relative dimensions — it goes through the hole on the left, while in the other it goes through the hole on the right. Pushed to its limits, this interpretation says that the Universe is split into infinitely many copies of itself, variations on a basic theme, in which all possible outcomes of all possible “experiments” must happen somewhere in the “multiverse”. So there is, for example, a Universe in which the Labour Party has been in power for 15 years, and is now under threat from a resurgent Tory Party led by vibrant young John Major.
How does this resolve the paradoxes? Like this. Suppose someone did go back in time to murder their granny when she was a little girl. On this multiverse picture, they have slid back to a bifurcation point in history. After killing granny, they move forward in time, but up a different branch of the multiverse. In this branch of reality, they were never born; but there is no paradox, because in he universe next door granny is alive and well, so the murderer is born, and goes back in time to commit the foul deed!
Once again, it sounds like science fiction, and once again science fiction writers have indeed been here before. But this idea of parallel universes and alternative histories as a solution to the time travel paradoxes is also now being taken seriously by some (admittedly, not many) researchers, including David Deutsch, in Oxford. Their research deals with both time, and relative dimensions in space. You could make a nice acronym for that — TARDIS, perhaps?
Why Time Travel Is Possible?
Physicists have found the law of nature which prevents time travel paradoxes, and thereby permits time travel. It turns out to be the same law that makes sure light travels in straight lines, and which underpins the most straightforward version of quantum theory, developed half a century ago by Richard Feynman.
Relativists have been trying to come to terms with time travel for the past seven years, since Kip Thorne and his colleagues at Caltech discovered — much to their surprise — that there is nothing in the laws of physics (specifically, the general theory of relativity) to forbid it. Among several different ways in which the laws allow a time machine to exist, the one that has been most intensively studied mathematically is the “wormhole”. This is like a tunnel through space and time, connecting different regions of the Universe — different spaces and different times. The two “mouths” of the wormhole could be next to each other in space, but separated in time, so that it could literally be used as a time tunnel.
Building such a device would be very difficult — it would involve manipulating black holes, each with many times the mass of our Sun. But they could conceivably occur naturally, either on this scale or on a microscopic scale.
The worry for physicists is that this raises the possibility of paradoxes, familiar to science fiction fans. For example, a time traveller could go back in time and accidentally (or even deliberately) cause the death of her granny, so that neither the time traveller’s mother nor herself was ever born. People are hard to describe mathematically, but the equivalent paradox in the relativists’ calculations involves a billiard ball that goes in to one mouth of a wormhole, emerges in the past from the other mouth, and collides with its other self on the way in to the first mouth, so that it is knocked out of the way and never enters the time tunnel at all. But, of course, there are many possible “self consistent” journeys through the tunnel, in which the two versions of the billiard ball never disturb one another.
If time travel really is possible — and after seven years’ intensive study all the evidence says that it is — there must, it seems, be a law of nature to prevent such paradoxes arising, while permitting the self- consistent journeys through time. Igor Novikov, who holds joint posts at the P. N. Lebedev Institute, in Moscow, and at NORDITA (the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), in Copenhagen, first pointed out the need for a “Principle of Self-consistency” of this kind in 1989 . Now, working with a large group of colleagues in Denmark, Canada, Russia and Switzerland, he has found the physical basis for this principle.
It involves something known as the Principle of least action (or Principle of minimal action), and has been known, in one form or another, since the early seventeenth century. It describes the trajectories of things, such as the path of a light ray from A to B, or the flight of a ball tossed through an upper story window. And, it now seems, the trajectory of a billiard ball through a time tunnel. Action, in this sense, is a measure both of the energy involved in traversing the path and the time taken. For light (which is always a special case), this boils down to time alone, so that the principle of least action becomes the principle of least time, which is why light travels in straight lines.
You can see how the principle works when light from a source in air enters a block of glass, where it travels at a slower speed than in air. In order to get from the source A outside the glass to a point B inside the glass in the shortest possible time, the light has to travel in one straight line up to the edge of the glass, then turn through a certain angle and travel in another straight line (at the slower speed) on to point B. Travelling by any other route would take longer.
The action is a property of the whole path, and somehow the light (or “nature”) always knows how to choose the cheapest or simplest path to its goal. In a similar fashion, the principle of least action can be used to describe the entire curved path of the ball thrown through a window, once the time taken for the journey is specified. Although the ball can be thrown at different speeds on different trajectories (higher and slower, or flatter and faster) and still go through the window, only trajectories which satisfy the Principle of least action are possible. Novikov and his colleagues have applied the same principle to the “trajectories” of billiard balls around time loops, both with and without the kind of “self collision” that leads to paradoxes. In a mathematical tour de force, they have shown that in both cases only self-consistent solutions to the equations satisfy the principle of least action — or in their own words, “the whole set of classical trajectories which are globally self-consistent can be directly and simply recovered by imposing the principle of minimal action” (NORDITA Preprint, number 95/49A).
The word “classical” in this connection means that they have not yet tried to include the rules of quantum theory in their calculations. But there is no reason to think that this would alter their conclusions. Feynman, who was entranced by the principle of least action, formulated quantum physics entirely on the basis of it, using what is known as the “sum over histories” or “path integral” formulation, because, like a light ray seemingly sniffing out the best path from A to B, it takes account of all possible trajectories in selecting the most efficient.
So self-consistency is a consequence of the Principle of least action, and nature can be seen to abhor a time travel paradox. Which removes the last objection of physicists to time travel in principle — and leaves it up to the engineers to get on with the job of building a time machine.
Human Cloning, Surrogate Mother and Why Is It wrong?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 7, 2009
- In: Review
- 4 Comments
Human cloning has always been connected with immortality, better capabilities and health. Well, cloning is a good idea for such sciences. Just take a cell from any client, add them to oval and then transplant into a surrogate mother. After sometime you will get a clone of client. And remember That’s all is going without sex. Of course there no sex just going through somewhat akin to blood testing process. I’ve think several times on this topic and scientists also say that this is the only way to be immortal. However, some also argued it as alternative to sexual reproduction. And this is the point that makes it blasphemous. Human cloning sentiments has always taken detour blasphemy and it is. And if it is legalized,our entire social skeleton would be collapsed. When we are dealing with the moral and legal aspects of human cloning, there seems to be nearly worldwide consensus that reproductive cloning is incompatible with human dignity and should be prohibited by law. There are many profounded argument regarding this. First there would be on meaning of terms like mother, father, brother. It would only like a biomachine world. Second it would lead to species devolution. Feelings to someone would be lost because there would be no meaning of such terms. Whole social world and relation, family and other terms would be trashed. Sex will then only be a amusement. I think science fiction could better explain this clone world. Clone will be used just as a factory for organs, girls and women just would somewhat akin to the factory of reproducting clones. I don’t go further in detail but if it legalized, it would be a total catastrophy for human dignity and human rights. This scenario seems more similar to a herd of advanced animals with no culture. One can sex everywhere anytime then what will happened. Our social structure will only be in strata. That’s why I’m finding this one as blasphemous and seriously it is . Specially in case of reproductive cloning.
Review On Some Of The Most Popular Mysteries And Conspiracies
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 5, 2009
The Man in the Moon; the God/Goddess/Demon/Hare in the Moon; the Shield of Somebody Important-Moon. The Moon has a Face, it is Watching us. That last may or may not strike you as a comforting thought. There are lots of permutations, too, but the basic Adamic urge to Put a Name with the (Moon) Face is found in all cultures. It is difficult not to notice it. Also, the close and obvious connection between lunar cycles and plant cycles made the Moon a participant in early agricultural societies, as if it had a will of its own (or a driver) and rated a name. Of course, as soon as you join a new group, the gossip starts… The Moon has built up quite a rap sheet.
Some Native American traditions speak of a time before Earth acquired its present Moon, of a time when Earth had two smaller moons. We won’t detour there right now- details and interpretations galore are available at a website near you, or bookstores everywhere. However, sticking to the subject of the Moon we have now, let us ponder that “acquired” thing. We shall begin with the theories put forth way back in 1976 in a most unusual book, Somebody Else Is On The Moon, by George H. Leonard.
His conclusions were fantastic, even outrageous, but all referenced point by point with quotes from NASA personnel and various experts in geology, astronomy, and other scientific fields. He had a group of students work with him on the visual analysis of lunar photographs, and his book is full of sketches detailing the things he found. That is where I will diverge from his perspective. I agree with most of the conclusions he reached, but for different reasons.
Leonard started with the basic mysteries of the Moon. Like, where did it come from? It is too large, relative to the mass of the Earth, to have been gravitationally captured. If it was a wandering body that strayed near the Earth, it would have been drawn right into a collision course. If it was moving fast enough to be simply deflected, it would have had to make not just one but several wide orbital passes, each and every one at precisely the right angle, before it could have settled into a stable orbit. The mathematics of that sequence of events are quite improbable. Yet it is the least impossible option. Details on other lunar origin theories can be easily found elsewhere, so we won’t waste much time on them here. The notion of collisions and sundering as the mechanism that formed the Earth is one that periodically gets a new presentation, and is also part of the cosmology of ancient Sumer according to the interpretations of Sitchin. Let me make a small detour…
Zechariah Sitchin is not the only orientalist scholar who has studied Sumer. He has, however, made a career out of interpreting certain texts in support of his theories about the Anunnaki and human origin. I will discuss his work a little more thoroughly elsewhere, but I should mention his lunar origin theory. The Sumerian Creation story speaks of (surprise) a “War in Heaven”, better called a Celestial Battle, with (here’s where his interpreting starts) several personified proto-planets getting banged into one another and breaking into pieces. The fragments of one of them, Tiamat, become the Earth and Moon. There is a close pass by Nibiru, planetary home to the Anunnaki, that starts things going.
Nibiru is the “Twelfth Planet”, according to the Sumerians, who (stay with me now) counted out from the Sun and included it and our Moon in their count. It is reputed to have an extended elliptical orbit that takes 3600 years to complete, which furthermore is at an angle to the plane of the ecliptic and therefore to the orbits of all the other planets. Every other known (admittedly smaller) object in such an orbit gets tweaked, altered by each pass through the plane, but Sitchin seems resolute that Nibiru does not. It does the “drive by” tweaking that wreaks miscellaneous havoc on any main planet nearby, as it makes its two passes through the plane each 3600 year cycle. In any event, the problem that no one seems to bring up is the ad hoc amalgam of myth and cosmology.
There is nothing unusual about finding scientific information encoded in folklore. I mentioned previously that oral tradition can preserve specific data very effectively. But when a myth refers to a god in a “Sun chariot”, it is a metaphor. If you operate under the assumption that there is actual fact buried (or encoded, if you prefer) in a particular myth, then you believe that someone at some time must have understood the real origin. The interpretation and transformation into a story had to have been done knowingly. Most supposedly non-fabulous “history” is written this way, too.
This is separate from the circumstances that produce warped interpretations like cargo cults. In those cases, some event which was totally not understood produces a sympathetic magic type of emulation in response, either to keep “it” from happening again or to attempt a restoration. When you read the Sumerian Creation myths, on the other hand, you find an account of beings interacting directly with the population of Earth over a long period of time. These Anunnaki drank, fought, slept with the local women, and generally behaved completely human. It was technology that set them apart – but even though the locals could not duplicate that technology, they seem to have understood it for what it was. They also seem to have understood the other information that was shared, like the cosmological model that Sitchin outlines in his book, The Twelfth Planet. Even if his interpretation is a bit, well, interpretive, the ancient Sumerians did seem to have a rather sophisticated and comprehensive understanding of the makeup of the Solar System. This does not mean that the Anunnaki were being completely candid and truthful, by the way. They were a group with an agenda of their own. But the only detail that concerns us at the present moment is the notion that there were people around before the Anunnaki (if you read between the lines) who were able to move planets around. One more ancient account of a prior age when wonders were possible, and one which tags the Builders as extraterrestrials, not spirit beings.
The Earth is the only place in the Solar System where one can see a total eclipse. The apparent diameter of the Moon seen from the surface of the Earth is exactly the same as the apparent diameter of the Sun. That seems like one Hell of a coincidence, especially considering how difficult it is to explain how the Moon managed to establish a stable orbit. The bottom line scientific argument is that it did so, therefore it must have been possible. Hmm. If you think I am kidding, go look it up. Each of the four “standard” formation models carries a disclaimer about its remaining “problems”. This of course delights the Creationists of fundamentalist Christianity, who are quite willing to embrace the notion that the Moon was placed there by specific intent.
Now then, if the Moon was parked there, one more oddity is also solved. Luna is said to be tidal locked, gravitationally held with one side always facing the Earth, a consequence of having two large bodies so proximate. This implies that the Moon was initially spinning, but slowed down over time due to the gravitational drag. Given even more time, the mass of the Moon slowly migrated Earthward, resulting in a pear shape with the narrow end pointed outward. Somehow this was accomplished without pulling the whole body crashing down from orbit.
Oh, I see a hand raised. Yes? Uh huh, the Moon was molten, and formed the pear shape as it cooled, is that it? Well, if you spin clay on a potter’s wheel, you get a round pot. If that molten mass was not spinning, why would it form a planetoid anyway? It would have had to have been rolling, turning perpendicular to the Earth’s axis, to allow the migration of material that we see.
If, however, it was placed there deliberately, with one side intentionally oriented Earthward (like most of our own artificial satellites), then the “tidal bulge” is more reasonably explained. It would most likely be a feature of the original design. That would be a logical way to ensure that one side would in fact remain pointed at the Earth. Let’s return to Leonard…
George Leonard studied thousands of the photos in the NASA moon archives, noting artificial constructions and machinery (as he saw it) all over the place. He talked to amateur astronomers and NASA personnel, and said he was generally well-received. The only real exception to this he cites is an occasional encounter with the bureaucratic labyrinth when seeking some particular photo. He would be told “it” was not at that location, in some other file, labeled with a different stock number by some other agency and / or his request would be processed if he applied at another office someplace. This might have simply been normal government behavior.
Certainly he was not greeted with a big smile and a hearty, “Come! Let us show you what we are hiding!” That, however, is not anything he expected either. It seemed clear to him that the photo evidence of intelligent activity on the Moon was a subject that NASA did not wish to address. In fact, NASA is and has always been loath to discuss such possibilities, Never mind what appears on the photos, never mind the “anomalies” astronomers (amateur and professional) have thought they spotted for hundreds of years. While peculiar occurrences and odd formations are perfectly good fodder for scholarly papers and grant requests, any suggestion of artificiality or intelligent design would invalidate the enquiry, removing it from official consideration. The main tool used for the lunar cover-up has always been disdain. You don’t see that, because it isn’t there. Behave yourself.
Leonard made sketches of the things he found, and tended to settle on an observational theory of Somebody carrying out mining operations. He drew spidery machines that would be as large as small cities, noting the tracks they left on the crater floor as they chewed away at the rim. He states in the preface to his book that:
No, I do not know who They are
No, I do not know where They come from
No, I do not know precisely what Their purpose is
But he did favor the idea of aliens being responsible, probably more than one type of alien, rather than people from here . He did not completely rule out the possibility of a clandestine Terrestrial space program, but he felt that since this could not explain the long history of observed Moon anomalies, it was less likely to be a factor. There is a lot that one could read between the lines of his one and only book if one was so inclined. He is one of those authors who occasionally seems to be trying to very subtly imply an additional vector or layer. This could have been his way of holding back from making an overly tight fit of the data into his theories, which he repeatedly cautions are incomplete, or it could have meant something else. Perhaps there was more to George H. Leonard than is at first apparent.
There is a reason why professional astronomers, almost all of whom are tied in one way or another to government funding, shy away from pointing their big telescopes at the Moon. They affect a blasé attitude of indifference toward our nearest neighbor, because if they do look, they see Disturbing Things. Leonard makes note of this, and the situation has not changed in the years since. No, Hubble can’t look at the Moon… gee, here’s a photo of the full face of the Moon taken by Hubble… well, we’re too busy, yeah, that’s it. Don’t bother us. Schedules, you know. So most lunar observation (that we know of) is done by the amateurs. There have been plenty of probes launched at the Moon, but except for the Lick Observatory photos taken in the 1950’s there has been relatively little ground based investigation by major observatories, especially in the U.S. Yes, that thing up there is the Moon, so what? Hasn’t changed, has it? Don’t bother us.
Leonard believed that the Apollo missions landed on the Moon. He also deduced a somewhat different agenda for the aliens he connected with the lunar activities than I do, even though he was careful to steer clear of theories that went beyond the data he had accumulated. He did speculate, however. As Richard Hoagland recently commented, a necessary part of science is speculation. No guts, no glory.
Leonard speaks of many conversations with “insiders”, people who knew what the secrets were. Apparently, much of the feedback he received in those chats was of the “You’re on the right track”, or the “Look at such-and-such” variety. This frustrated him greatly. No one wanted to really spill the beans, it seemed. They wanted him to do it, but wouldn’t tell him what was there that needed spilling. The other possibility, which he doesn’t state directly but which had obviously occurred to him, was that they didn’t actually have any confidence that they really knew. There were aliens involved, there was Politics involved, there was spinning going on. Basic life-advice includes, “Don’t spill while you are spinning. It can be very messy.”
I used a quote from Jules Verne in the title art for the Apollo chapter. I’ll save you the bother of going back to puzzle it out from the illustration:
“I have always made a point in my romances of basing my so-called inventions upon a groundwork of actual fact, and of using in their construction methods and materials which are not entirely without the pale of contemporary engineering skill and knowledge.”
I found that quote on one of the NASA web pages, in a biography they have posted of Verne. Yes, he was a scientific visionary, and yes, he had many good and prescient ideas. But the choice of the quote itself is still a bit ironic, a slightly pompous observation given in an interview late in his life. It sounds different when NASA says it.
While doing his research, Leonard found another unusual quote chosen by NASA, this one leading into the Preliminary Science Report published after the Apollo 17 mission:
“There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, or perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.”
Even before I tell you the name of the author, you may have already been slightly startled by the last four words of it. but that is of course just the coincidence of contemporary context. Right? The author lived some time ago, in 16th C. Italy. He was Niccolo Machiavelli. Oh, you’ve heard of him? Remember, context is everything…
One thing Leonard did not take into account was the tolas effect. He had no idea that the things he saw were designed to be seen at some particular scale, designed by minds far different from the engineers he imagined. Aliens are one thing, but artists, well now you’re talking about really strange. I am not making the blanket statement that he didn’t see what he saw, I’m just pointing out that he wasn’t separating the structural strangeness of the place, something for which he had no contextual basis, from the intrusive things like machines, ships, and possible bases set up by visitors other than the original Builders. Rather than looking for what he thought he saw.
PLEASE DOWNLOAD IMAGES BELOW TO SEE IN GREAT QUALITY.
 Above: Here’s the crater named for Jules Verne, from a Clementine image. The structures on the crater floor are quite typical of the ones found on the Moon.
There is every likelihood that a dome once covered the whole place, which therefore probably is not an impact crater. The rather blatant letters “C” and “L” (or maybe “V”) can be seen nearby, and in the larger area there are a few more, but I think we can probably risk an assumption that they aren’t really letters. Even I won’t propose that some Martian Nostrodamus predicted the eventual photographing of the site and had it suitably decorated in honor of the probe. Nor do I think it is some inside joke- the forms are really there. I should note that this is the only crater where I have personally seen shapes like that, though., so it rates a mention .
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Left: Here’s a view of what every science fiction fan would expect to see on the Moon- a wildly alien building, impossibly huge, rising to a staggering height above the lunar surface.This picture was taken by Luna 17, one of a series of robot tractors sent up by theSoviets. Few of the images from those missions were made available, unfortunately.
There are similarities to the Atlantean architecture, but there are differences, too. Some may say, “If we didn’t go, then they didn’t go either”, but even the most insistent Apollo critics allow that automated probes would have played some part in any hoax. So this is probably the Moon. How about that? There are giant buildings up there after all. |
Somebody Else On The Moon..?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 5, 2009
- In: Aliens| Review| Secret projects| conspiracy| space| ufo
- 1 Comment
It does not really matter where we start with George, for those who are into Moon Artifacts are familiar with George’s work, “Somebody Else Is on the Moon“. So, let’s just randomly pick a Leonardphoto reference and begin our re-evaluation as to whether there is anyone else on the Moon!
Plate-2 of page 122 |
**Plate-2 shows what George says is a site in The Sea of Tranquility filled with manufactured objects and some alien vehicles. The NASA photo used is 66-H-1612, as shown here from his book. It can be crossed referenced to, L.O. II. H-42. He says, the little round objects are “Oval” shaped and look artificial.
“The perfect oval, the evenly spaced rear struts, the perfect peak”,…
He sketches what he sees on page 101 |
absolutely impossible for this kind of irregularity. It is admitted that such shapes are seen. Nevertheless, shadow and light can play weird tricks on the eyes, and if the imagination is predisposed to looking for alien machines, no matter what, the results can be deceiving.
Moon V. by LO. page 49 |
**Other references show us quit different ’machines’, for we see in these more detailed photos that they are just piles of rocks, many of which form circular ring like patterns on the Lunar surface (image left); probably the results of ancient crater ongoing deterioration and erosion.
Rukl’s Atlas shows us it is located in the Sea of Tranquility, in a part of a low ridge area. The surface is strewn with rocks and boulders, some blocks and others making up circular ring formations.
Kopal, Pl. 211, page 290 |
**The ‘Sea of Tranquility’ (click right image) is another one of Leonard’s special areas for the alien artifact hunter. The large area called a Mare or ‘Sea’ bed, as seen in The Gazetteer, Frames: 66-1, 73-1, 78-1, 85 is strewn with weird shapes and objects. All crater and volcanic ejecta!
**Craters (image left) have weird things in them, according to Leonard. They hide space ships and Alien constructions of all kinds: Diggers, Dozers and Dirt Buggies!
**Crater Tycho (image right) is also a hiding place for Alien machines and construction sites. Tycho is located south and a little east from the great Mare area we see with our eyes on a Moon-light night.
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**One of the USGS Quadrants (click image left) is named after Tycho. USGS I-713, Tycho Quad. Map. Leonard says that he sees many mechanical relics laying around the Crater floor in, out and in between the boulders and rocks. Gleaming white hemispheres?, domes?, irregular mounds with craterless at the peak?, round mound shapes that never vary from location to location? He says, they are 1/8 to 3/4 of a mile in diameter, or 400 yards, and usually never differ in size.
In one location in Tycho (below image), there are about 30 of them clustered together.
 
Photo. 67-H-1206 p.128 - 67-H-1179 p.136 |
**Leonard’s sketches describe what he sees, p.61. He is also kind enough to give us the traditional scientific geological explanation for them; that these mounds are the results of the upward movement of magma which has warped the overlaying rock.
GIANT SCREWS? – REAL SCREW JOBS or SCREWS for JOBS; or JOBS Requiring SCREWS !
Leon. p. 120. photo of Alpine Valley |
**What about GIANT Screw devices (click image right)? Or, better still, what about giant screw devices used to stitch together the ripped crust of the Moon’s surface? As suggested by this so-called large crustal rip. Could Aliens be trying repair their giant Moon Space ship with Screws? What a screw job that would be if it were true. Abandoned alien giant digging screws? Or, more volcanic activity?
Leon’s sketch, p.124 |
**What about LAVA (image left) that has been forced through a spiral opening and then solidified?
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Above: sketches page 128 p. 129.
Left: Leon. plate 19, page 136 & Plate 20, page 137 |
**In the highland areas north of Tycho(click images right),Leonard says there is an area seven square miles in size,… ALIVE with construction and activity.” There is symbolic glyphs, and artificial objects, some power source plate with knobs and a cord, some gas sprays, etc. My God, it’s a Disneyland of Alien activity!
Space Junk : Threat to Future Launches
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 3, 2009
- In: Review| space
- 14 Comments
A BURGEONING blizzard of space debris is going to have a major impact on the future economics of space flight.
That was the prediction made this week by Hugh Lewis of the University of Southampton, UK, at the European Air and Space Conference in Manchester. His projections indicate that the number of close encounters between objects in orbit will rise 50 per cent in the next decade, and quadruple by 2059. Countermeasures will add greatly to the cost of future missions.
Ever since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 in 1957, satellite operators have used Earth orbit as a junkyard, dumping spent rocket stages and dead spacecraft there. As the danger of collisions with active spacecraft began to expose the cost of this folly, space agencies have tried not to add to the junk pile, but events have conspired against them.
In 2007, the Chinese army used a missile to destroy a defunct weather satellite, and earlier this year an Iridium communications satellite collided with a derelict Russian vehicle. Both events added many thousands of debris shards to near-Earth space.
The number of pieces of space debris has risen by 40 per cent in the past four years alone. The US air force Space Command now tracks 19,000 orbiting objects that are 10 centimetres or more across – including around 800 working satellites – and estimates that there are 500,000 smaller fragments in orbit.
Lewis wondered what effect this growing debris field would have on managing future satellite operations. How much more often will mission controllers have to track debris and consider taking evasive action? To find out, he used data from an industry database called Socrates to correlate the change over time in the quantity of debris with the number of occasions on which objects come within 5 kilometres of each other. Then, using the predicted growth in the debris population over the next 50 years, he estimated the number of close approaches that are set to occur.
Compared with the 13,000 close approaches per week now, his projection showed that there will be 20,000 a week in 2019 and upwards of 50,000 a week in 2059. From this he predicts that satellite operators will have to make five times as many collision avoidance manoeuvres in 2059 as they will in 2019. “There’s going to be a big impact,” says Lewis. “You’re going to need more tracking to remove uncertainty about close approaches and undertake more manoeuvres.”
The European Space Agency is already seeing an increase in close approaches to its ERS-2 and Envisat Earth-observation spacecraft, says Heiner Klinkrad, who heads the agency’s space-debris office in Darmstadt, Germany. But while he recognises that Lewis’s numbers “sound threatening” he believes operators should be able to cope if they maintain strong tracking capabilities.
String Theory Cosmology: Review
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 3, 2009
A big complicating factor in understanding string cosmology is understanding string theories. String theories and M theory appear to be limiting cases of some bigger, more fundamental theory. Until that’s sorted out, anything we think we know today is potentially up for grabs.
That being said, there are some basic issues in string theory cosmology:
1. Can string theory make any cosmological predictions relevant to Big Bang physics?
2. What happens to the extra dimensions?
3. Is there Inflation in string theory?
Low energy string cosmology
The baryonic matter that makes up the nuclei of atoms seems to provide only a small fraction of the total mass in the Universe.
Most of the mass in our Universe appears to occur in the form of dark matter, which is most likely made up of some exotic particle or particles that interact very weakly and have a very large mass.
String theories require supersymmetry for quantum consistency, and supersymmetric theories require bosons and fermions to come in pairs, because the supercharge operator turns bosons into fermions and vice versa.
So supersymmetric theories are good places to look for exotic matter in the form of fermionic superpartners of bosonic particles that carry forces.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, recall there is a spontaneously broken symmetry that gives mass to the weak interaction gauge bosons through the Higgs potential. The Standard model contains three massive gauge bosons, two charged and one neutral, and a massive neutral Higgs field.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is a supersymmetric version of the Standard Model. The weak interaction gauge bosons and Higgs fields in the MSSM have fermionic superpartners, and the neutral superpartners are called neutralinos. A neutralino would make a good candidate for for dark matter, because it couples with weak interaction strength but should have a high mass.
But this is true only as long as it is stable. A neutralino would be stable if there were nothing of lower mass that it could decay into, i.e. it is the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP), and if something called R-parity is conserved.
The experimental limits on supersymmetric particle masses say that any neutralino LSP out there must have a mass greater than 40 GeV. A neutralino of that mass could give
and that’s already in the right ballpark for the observed amount of dark matter out there.
But the success of such a model depends on whether supersymmetry can be broken at the right scale. Supersymmetry breaking has other cosmological implications, such as a cosmological constant with a value that can run away from the very small, but nonzero, value that has recently been observed in the redshifts of supernovae. So this is far from a settled problem.
Cosmology and string duality
The standard Big Bang cosmology assumes that the Universe began expanding from a state that was very hot, very small, and very highly curved. The Big Bang model agrees so well with observation that it is therefore commonly assumed that any cosmological era that preceded the Big Bang must have involved a Universe that was even hotter and even smaller and more highly curved, until we reach the Planck scale and the Planck temperature, where our ability to describe geometry runs into fundamental quantum limits where gravity is strongly coupled and can no longer be treated as a fixed classical substrate in which particles or strings interact.
But string theory complicates such a naive monotonic extrapolation backwards through time, temperature and curvature, because in string theory there are symmetries that can obscure the difference between large and small distance, large and small curvature, and large and small coupling strength.
One such symmetry is T-duality. Recall that with strings quantized in a flat spacetime background, if one dimension is wrapped into a circle of radius R, by identifying xi with xi + 2pR, there are two new kinds of modes added to the spectrum: modes with quantized momentum going around the circle with quantum number n, and modes that wrap around the circle with winding number w. The total mass squared of the string then depends on these two numbers
This formula has a symmetry under the exchange
This is T-duality. The self dual point is where
At the self-dual point, extra massless fields enter the dynamics that reflect an enhanced group of symmetries.
T-duality has been applied to pre-Big Bang cosmology to build a model that is probably wrong, but interesting to study nonetheless.
A cosmological solution to the vacuum Einstein equations that is homogeneous but not isotropic is the Kasner metric, which can be written as
The set of exponents {pi} as constrained above have the properties that they are all smaller than one, and they can’t all have the same sign. If n of the exponents are positive so that the Universe expands as time increases in those n directions, then the remaining D-n exponents are negative, and the Universe shrinks in those directions as time increases.
String theory has a scalar field called the dilaton, and the Kasner metric in this case extends to
Again, directions with pi positive expand as time increases, and those with pi negative contract as time increases. Notice that in this case, isotropic solutions are allowed where pi = ± D-1/2.
For every solution with some set of exponents and dilaton {pi, f(t)}, there is a dual solution with {pi’,f’(t)} given by
So expanding solutions and contracting solutions are dual to one another.
This duality symmetry has led to an interesting proposal for pre-Big Bang cosmology where the stringy Universe starts out flat, cold and very large instead of curved, hot and very small. This early Universe is unstable and starts to collapse and contract until it reaches the self dual point, where it heats up and starts to expand to give the expanding Universe we observe today.
One advantage to this model is that it incorporates the very stringy behavior of T duality and the self dual point, so it is a very inherently stringy cosmology. Unfortunately, the model has failings in both the technical and observational categories, so it’s no longer considered a viable model for string cosmology
A big complicating factor in understanding string cosmology is understanding string theories. String theories and M theory appear to be limiting cases of some bigger, more fundamental theory. Until that’s sorted out, anything we think we know today is potentially up for grabs.
That being said, there are some basic issues in string theory cosmology:
1. Can string theory make any cosmological predictions relevant to Big Bang physics?
2. What happens to the extra dimensions?
3. Is there Inflation in string theory?
Low energy string cosmology
The baryonic matter that makes up the nuclei of atoms seems to provide only a small fraction of the total mass in the Universe.
Most of the mass in our Universe appears to occur in the form of dark matter, which is most likely made up of some exotic particle or particles that interact very weakly and have a very large mass.
String theories require supersymmetry for quantum consistency, and supersymmetric theories require bosons and fermions to come in pairs, because the supercharge operator turns bosons into fermions and vice versa.
So supersymmetric theories are good places to look for exotic matter in the form of fermionic superpartners of bosonic particles that carry forces.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, recall there is a spontaneously broken symmetry that gives mass to the weak interaction gauge bosons through the Higgs potential. The Standard model contains three massive gauge bosons, two charged and one neutral, and a massive neutral Higgs field.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is a supersymmetric version of the Standard Model. The weak interaction gauge bosons and Higgs fields in the MSSM have fermionic superpartners, and the neutral superpartners are called neutralinos. A neutralino would make a good candidate for for dark matter, because it couples with weak interaction strength but should have a high mass.
But this is true only as long as it is stable. A neutralino would be stable if there were nothing of lower mass that it could decay into, i.e. it is the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP), and if something called R-parity is conserved.
The experimental limits on supersymmetric particle masses say that any neutralino LSP out there must have a mass greater than 40 GeV. A neutralino of that mass could give
and that’s already in the right ballpark for the observed amount of dark matter out there.
But the success of such a model depends on whether supersymmetry can be broken at the right scale. Supersymmetry breaking has other cosmological implications, such as a cosmological constant with a value that can run away from the very small, but nonzero, value that has recently been observed in the redshifts of supernovae. So this is far from a settled problem.
Cosmology and string duality
The standard Big Bang cosmology assumes that the Universe began expanding from a state that was very hot, very small, and very highly curved. The Big Bang model agrees so well with observation that it is therefore commonly assumed that any cosmological era that preceded the Big Bang must have involved a Universe that was even hotter and even smaller and more highly curved, until we reach the Planck scale and the Planck temperature, where our ability to describe geometry runs into fundamental quantum limits where gravity is strongly coupled and can no longer be treated as a fixed classical substrate in which particles or strings interact.
But string theory complicates such a naive monotonic extrapolation backwards through time, temperature and curvature, because in string theory there are symmetries that can obscure the difference between large and small distance, large and small curvature, and large and small coupling strength.
One such symmetry is T-duality. Recall that with strings quantized in a flat spacetime background, if one dimension is wrapped into a circle of radius R, by identifying xi with xi + 2pR, there are two new kinds of modes added to the spectrum: modes with quantized momentum going around the circle with quantum number n, and modes that wrap around the circle with winding number w. The total mass squared of the string then depends on these two numbers
This formula has a symmetry under the exchange
This is T-duality. The self dual point is where
At the self-dual point, extra massless fields enter the dynamics that reflect an enhanced group of symmetries.
T-duality has been applied to pre-Big Bang cosmology to build a model that is probably wrong, but interesting to study nonetheless.
A cosmological solution to the vacuum Einstein equations that is homogeneous but not isotropic is the Kasner metric, which can be written as
The set of exponents {pi} as constrained above have the properties that they are all smaller than one, and they can’t all have the same sign. If n of the exponents are positive so that the Universe expands as time increases in those n directions, then the remaining D-n exponents are negative, and the Universe shrinks in those directions as time increases.
String theory has a scalar field called the dilaton, and the Kasner metric in this case extends to
Again, directions with pi positive expand as time increases, and those with pi negative contract as time increases. Notice that in this case, isotropic solutions are allowed where pi = ± D-1/2.
For every solution with some set of exponents and dilaton {pi, f(t)}, there is a dual solution with {pi’,f‘(t)} given by
So expanding solutions and contracting solutions are dual to one another.
This duality symmetry has led to an interesting proposal for pre-Big Bang cosmology where the stringy Universe starts out flat, cold and very large instead of curved, hot and very small. This early Universe is unstable and starts to collapse and contract until it reaches the self dual point, where it heats up and starts to expand to give the expanding Universe we observe today.
One advantage to this model is that it incorporates the very stringy behavior of T duality and the self dual point, so it is a very inherently stringy cosmology. Unfortunately, the model has failings in both the technical and observational categories, so it’s no longer considered a viable model for string cosmology.
Inflation vs. the giant brane collision
Inflation is still the preferred cosmological model of astrophysicists. But efforts to derive a suitable inflationary potential from the low energy limit of superstring theory have met with many obstacles. The dilaton field would seem to be an obvious candidate for the inflaton, but in perturbative low energy string theory the dilaton has no potential, the field is massless and couples to gravity solely through its kinetic energy, which is positive and would slow down the expansion of the Universe rather than speed it up.
String theories contain other scalar field called moduli, but the moduli are also massless in perturbative string theory, and their nonperturbative potentials are still unknown. Any nonperturbative physics that fixes stable minima for these fields controls the supersymmetry breaking scale, the sizes of compactified dimensions, the value of the cosmological constant, and the dynamics of the inflaton field, and that’s why deriving a string theory inflationary model has been such a challenge.
But inflationary models suffer from a conceptual inadequacy in that they are constructed using a combination of relativistic quantum field theory and classic general relativity. String theory is a theory of quantum gravity. And so string theory ought to be able to describe cosmology on a more fundamental level than inflationary models are capable of describing.
The discovery of extended fundamental structures in string theory called D-branes has brought forth some startling new ideas for the structure of spacetime. The first such model by Horava and Witten started with M-theory in eleven spacetime dimensions, compactified on a 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau space, leaving four space dimensions and time. The four space dimensions are bounded by two three-dimensional surfaces, or branes, separated by some distance R between the three-branes in the fourth direction. One of those three-branes, called the visible brane, can be seen as the three-dimensional world on which we live. The other three-dimensional brane is called the hidden brane, and we never see it. The volume V of the Calabi-Yau space varies from the visible brane to the hidden brane, and each brane has a different set of E8 gauge supermultiplets living on it, with the gauge couplings of fields living on the visible and hidden branes related by
This model is an effective five-dimensional theory, because the value of R is large compared to the size of the Calabi-Yau space.
This Horava-Witten world is not a cosmological model, but this picture has been applied to cosmology with interesting and controversial results. The latest version of braneworld cosmology is the giant brane collision model, also known as the Ekpyrotic Universe, or the Big Splat.
The Ekpyrotic Universe starts out as a cold, flat, static five-dimensional spacetime that is close to being a supersymmetric BPS state, meaning a state invariant under some special subalgebra of the supersymmetry algebra. The four space dimensions of the bulk are bounded by two three-dimensional walls or three-branes, and one of those three-branes makes up the space that we live on.
But how does the Universe evolve to give the Big Bang cosmology for which there is so much observational evidence? The Ekpyrotic theory postulates that there is a third three-brane loose between the two bounding branes of the four dimensional bulk world, and when this brane collides with the brane on which we live, the energy from the collision heats up our brane and the Big Bang occurs in our visible Universe as described elsewhere in this site.
This proposal is quite new, and it remains to be seen whether it will survive careful scrutiny.
The problem with acceleration
There is a problem with an accelerating Universe that is fundamentally challenging to string theory, and even to traditional particle theory. In eternal inflation models and most quintessence models, the expansion of the Universe accelerates indefinitely. This eternal acceleration leads to some contradictions in the mathematical assumptions made about spacetime in the fundamental formulations of quantum field theories and string theories.
According to the Einstein equation, for the usual case of a four-dimensional spacetime where space is homogeneous and isotropic, the acceleration of the scale factor depends on the energy density and the pressure of the “stuff” in the Universe as
The equation of state for the “stuff” in the Universe, combined with the Einstein equation, tells us that
The boundary of the region beyond which an observer can never see is called that observer’s event horizon. In cosmology, the event horizon is like the particle horizon, except that it is in the future and not in the past. In the class of spacetimes we’ve been looking at, the amount of the future that an observer at some time t0 would be able to see were she or he to live forever is given by
This tells us that an accelerating Universe will have a future event horizon, because
From the point of view of human philosophy or the internal consistency of Einstein’s theory of relativity, there is no problem with a cosmological event horizon. So what if we can’t ever see some parts of the Universe, even if we were to live forever?
But a cosmological event horizon is a major technical problem in high energy physics, because of the definition of relativistic quantum theory in terms of the collection of scattering amplitudes called the S Matrix. One of the fundamental assumptions of quantum relativistic theories of particles and strings is that when incoming and outgoing states are infinitely separated in time, they behave as free noninteracting states.
The presence of an event horizon implies a finite Hawking temperature and the conditions for defining the S Matrix cannot be fulfilled. This lack of an S Matrix is a formal mathematical problem not only in string theory but also in particle theories.
Structure of Universe: Is It Correct?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 3, 2009
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What is spacetime geometry?
What determines spacetime geometry?
What is the geometry of our spacetime?
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Open, closed or flat?
If at every time, space at every point looks the same in every direction, then space has to have constant curvature. If the curvature was different at any point, then space would look different in that direction from every other point. Therefore if space is maximally symmetric, the curvature has to be the same at every point.
So that narrows us down to three options for the geometry of space: positive, negative or zero curvature. When there is no vacuum energy present, just matter or radiation, the curvature of space also tells us the time evolution of the spacetime in question:
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| A sphere has constant positive curvature. |
Positive: The unique N-dimensional space with constant positive curvature is an N-dimensional sphere. The cosmological scenario where space has positive constant curvature is called a closed Universe. In this spacetime, space expands from zero volume in a Big Bang but then reaches a maximum volume and starts to contract back to zero volume in a Big Crunch.
Zero: A space with zero curvature is called (no surprise here) a flat space. A flat space is noncompact, space extends infinitely far in any direction, so this option also represents an open Universe. This spacetime has space expanding forever in time.
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| A hyperboloid has constant negative curvature. |
Negative: The unique N-dimensional space with constant negative curvature is an N-dimensional pseudosphere. To compare this funny word with something more familiar, a hyperboloid is a two-dimensional pseudosphere. With negative curvature, space has infinite volume. The negative curvature option represents an open Universe. This spacetime also has space expanding forever in time.
What determines whether a Universe is open or closed? For a closed Universe, the total energy density ρ in the Universe has to be greater than the value that gives a flat Universe, called the critical density ρ0. Let ω = ρ/ρ0. So a closed Universe has ω > 1, a flat Universe has ω = 1 and an open Universe has ω < 1.
The above analysis only takes into account energy from matter, and neglects any vacuum energy that might be present. Vacuum energy leads to a constant energy density that is called the cosmological constant.
Which behavior represents our observed Universe? To discuss the most recent observations, first we need to look at dark matter and the cosmological constant.
Where does dark matter come in?
The matter in the Universe that we can see mainly consists of stars and hot gas or other stuff that emits light of some wavelength that can be detected by either our eyes, telescopes or complicated instrumentation. But for the last two decades, astronomers have been seeing evidence of vast amounts of invisible matter in the Universe.
For example, there doesn’t seem to be enough visible matter in the form of stars and interstellar gas to hold most galaxies together gravitationally. According to estimates of how much mass would actually be needed to keep the average galaxy from flying apart, it is now widely believed by physicists and astronomers that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible. This matter is called dark matter, and it’s important for cosmology.
If there is dark matter, then what could it be made of? If it were made of quarks like ordinary matter, then in the early Universe, more helium and deuterium would have been produced than could exist in the Universe today. Particle physicists tend to think that dark matter could consist of supersymmetric particles that are very heavy but couple very weakly to the particles observed in accelerators now.
The visible matter in the Universe is much less than closure density, therefore, if there were nothing else, our Universe should be open. But is the dark matter enough to close the Universe? In other words, if ωB is the density of ordinary matter and ωD is the density of dark matter in the Universe today, does ωB + ωD = 1? Studies of galactic motion show that even including dark matter, the total only adds up to about 30% of closure density, with ω B making up 5% and ωD accounting for as much as 25%.
But that’s not the end of the story. There’s another possible source of energy in the Universe: the cosmological constant.
What about the cosmological constant?
Einstein didn’t always like the conclusions of his own work. His equation of motion for spacetime predicted that a Universe filled with ordinary matter would expand. Einstein wanted a theory where the Universe stayed the same size forever. To fix the Einstein equation, he added a term now called the cosmological constant, that balanced the energy density of matter and radiation to make a Universe that neither expanded nor contracted, but stayed the same for eternity.
Once everyone accepted Hubble’s evidence that the Universe was expanding, Einstein’s cosmological constant theory was abandoned. However, it was resurrected by relativistic quantum theories where a cosmological constant arises naturally and dynamically from the quantum oscillations of virtual particles and antiparticles. This is called the quantum zero point energy, which is a possible source of the vacuum energy of spacetime. The challenge in quantum theory is to avoid producing too much vacuum energy, and that’s one reason why physicists study supersymmetric theories.
A cosmological constant can act to speed up or slow down the expansion of the Universe, depending on whether it is positive or negative. When a cosmological constant is added to a spacetime with matter and radiation, the story gets more complicated than the simple open or closed scenarios described above.
What’s the final answer?
The Big Bang began with a radiation dominated era, which accounted for the first 10,000-100,000 years of the evolution of our Universe. Right now the dominant forms of energy in our Universe are matter and vacuum energy. The latest measurements from astronomers tell us:
1. Our Universe is pretty flat: The cosmic microwave background is the relic of Big Bang thermal radiation, cooled to the temperature of 2.73° Kelvin. But it didn’t cool perfectly smoothly, and after the radiation cooled, there were some lumps left over. The angular size of those lumps as observed from our present location in spacetime depends on the spatial curvature of the Universe. The currently observed lumpiness in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background is just right for a flat Universe that expands forever.
2. There is a cosmological constant: There is vacuum energy, or something that acts just like IT, to make the expansion of the Universe accelerate in time. The acceleration of the Universe can be seen in the redshifts of distant supernovae.
3. Most of the matter in the Universe is dark matter: Studies of galatic motion show that ordinary visible matter in stars, galaxies, planets, and interstellar gas only makes up a small fraction of the total energy density of the Universe.
The Universe at our current epoch has (approximately)
So right now the density of vacuum energy in our Universe is only about twice as large as the energy density from dark matter, with the contribution from visible baryonic matter almost negligible. The total adds up to a flat universe which should expand forever.
Earth’s Magnetic Field: A New Theory
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 1, 2009
- In: Review| physics
- 5 Comments
About one week ago I received a comment from a reader in which he has tole me that Earth’s magnetic field is not produced by an internal dynamo. He has certainly given a lot of time in his theory and believe me that is very interesting too. Well I’m presenting some fraction of his theory here…
New Theory: Earth’s magnetic field is not produced by an internal dynamo. The magnetic field and the planet are parts of a complex dynamo system surrounding the planet. The system includes the planet, the magnetic field, radiation belts, and ring current. The same is true of the other planets. Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, and Uranus are visible components of otherwise invisible planetary dynamo systems, which are all housed within a magnetosphere. According to this new theory, there is no internal dynamo within the planet. Planet Earth does not have a unique way of producing its magnetic field. Nor do the other planets. Each magnetic field of each planet is produced in exactly the same way, by its planetary dynamo system.
A planetary dynamo system is composed of a complex network of components including a magnetosphere, a planet, a magnetic field, radiation belts, ring current, and charged particles from the solar wind. The planet is the central component of the system and its movements also play an important part in operating the dynamo and generating current. Planets that rotate fast usually have a stronger magnetic field, and planets that rotate slowly, have weaker magnetic fields. The dynamo system captures charged particles from the sun and uses them as fuel. The particles are moved into different areas of the system to perform different functions in fueling the dynamo. It’s the planet’s movement that helps to produce the system’s current.
The magnetic field is a component of the dynamo and is generated by the system’s ring current. Ring current is an impressive component of the dynamo system. It is made up entirely of charged particles and provides the energy necessary for producing the magnetic field. The magnetic field captures the charged particles from the solar wind, and brings them into the dynamo for fuel. All the components and forces work together to make up the planetary dynamo. Some researchers believe that a similar dynamo system exists within the planet and this internal dynamo system generates the current that produces the magnetic field
However, we know now that a magnetic field cannot be produced in earth’s outer core because of the intense heat. All materials lose most of their magnetic properties when raised past a certain temperature called the curie point. The Curie temperature of iron is about 1043 K. This means that the inner and outer core of the planet is too hot to produce and maintain a magnetic field. It’s simply too hot for a magnetic field to be produced and maintained there. Even if a dynamo could exist in such an environment, it would not last very long without a constant supply of quality fuel. Earth’s core simply cannot provide the fuel a dynamo system needs. If earth’s dynamo had to depend on energy from the planet for fuel, the entire planet would have been completely consumed many years ago.
More can be found in his website
New Theory: Earth’s magnetic field is not produced by an internal dynamo
Before the Big Bang..?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: November 1, 2009
It seems fairly likely that there was a Big Bang. The obvious question that could be asked to challenge or define the boundaries between physics and metaphysics is: what came before the Big Bang?
Physicists define the boundaries of physics by trying to describe them theoretically and then testing that description against observation. Our observed expanding Universe is very well described by flat space, with critical density supplied mainly by dark matter and a cosmological constant, that should expand forever.
If we follow this model backwards in time to when the Universe was very hot and dense, and dominated by radiation, then we have to understand the particle physics that happens at such high densities of energy. The experimental understanding of particle physics starts to poop out after the energy scale of electroweak unification, and theoretical physicists have to reach for models of particle physics beyond the Standard Model, to Grand Unified Theories, supersymmetry, string theory and quantum cosmology.
This exploration is guided by three outstanding problems with the Big Bang cosmological model:
1. The flatness problem
2. The horizon problem
3. The magnetic monopole problem
Flatness problem
The Universe as observed today seems to enough energy density in the form of matter and cosmological constant to provide critical density and hence zero spatial curvature. The Einstein equation predicts that any deviation from flatness in an expanding Universe filled with matter or radiation only gets bigger as the Universe expands. So any tiny deviation from flatness at a much earlier time would have grown very large by now. If the deviation from flatness is very small now, it must have been immeasurably small at the start of the part of Big Bang we understand.
So why did the Big Bang start off with the deviations from flat spatial geometry being immeasurably small? This is called theflatness problem of Big Bang cosmology.
Whatever physics preceded the Big Bang left the Universe in this state. So the physics description of whatever happened before the Big Bang has to address the flatness problem.
Horizon problem
The cosmic microwave background is the cooled remains of the radiation density from the radiation-dominated phase of the Big Bang. Observations of the cosmic microwave background show that it is amazingly smooth in all directions, in other words, it is highlyisotropic thermal radiation. The temperature of this thermal radiation is 2.73° Kelvin. The variations observed in this temperature across the night sky are very tiny.
Radiation can only be so uniform if the photons have been mixed around a lot, or thermalized, through particle collisions. However, this presents a problem for the Big Bang model. Particle collisions cannot move information faster than the speed of light. But in the expanding Universe that we appear to live in, photons moving at the speed of light cannot get from one side of the Universe to the other in time to account for this observed isotropy in the thermal radiation. The horizon size represents the distance a photon can travel as the Universe expands.
The horizon size of our Universe today is too small for the isotropy in the cosmic microwave background to have evolved naturally by thermalization. So that’s the horizon problem.
Magnetic monopole problem
Normally, as we observe on Earth, magnets only come with two poles, North and South. If one cuts a magnet in half, the result will not be one magnet with only a North pole and one magnet with only a South pole. The result will be two magnets, each of which has its own North and South poles. 
A magnetic monopole would be a magnet with only one pole. But magnetic monopoles have never been seen? Why not?
This is different from electric charge, where we can separate an arrangement of positive and negative electric charges so that only positive charge is in one collection and only negative charge is in another.
Particle theories like Grand Unified Theories and superstring theory predict magnetic monopoles should exist, and relativity tells us that the Big Bang should have produced a lot of them, enough to make one hundred billion times the observed energy density of our Universe.
But so far, physicists have been unable to find even one.
So that’s a third motivation to go beyond the Big Bang model to look for an explanation of what could have happened when the Universe was very hot and very small.
Inflationary universe?
Matter and radiation are gravitationally attractive, so in a maximally symmetric spacetime filled with matter, the gravitational force will inevitably cause any lumpiness in the matter to grow and condense. That’s how hydrogen gas turned into galaxies and stars. But vacuum energy comes with a high vacuum pressure, and that high vacuum pressure resists gravitational collapse as a kind of repulsive gravitational force. The pressure of the vacuum energy flattens out the lumpiness, and makes space get flatter, not lumpier, as it expands.
So one possible solution to the flatness problem would be if our Universe went through a phase where the only energy density present was a uniform vacuum energy. If this phase occurred before the radiation-dominated era, then the Universe could evolve to be extraordinarily flat when the radiation-dominated era began, so extraordinarily flat that the lumpy evolution of the radiation- and matter-dominated periods would be consistent with the high degree of remaining flatness that is observed today.
This type of solution to the flatness problem was proposed in the 1980s by cosmologist Alan Guth. The model is called theInflationary Universe. In the Inflation model, our Universe starts out as a rapidly expanding bubble of pure vacuum energy, with no matter or radiation. After a period of rapid expansion, or inflation, and rapid cooling, the potential energy in the vacuum is converted through particle physics processes into the kinetic energy of matter and radiation. The Universe heats up again and we get the standard Big Bang.
So an inflationary phase before the Big Bang could explainhow the Big Bang started with such extraordinary spatial flatness that it is still so close to being flat today.
Inflationary models also solve the horizon problem. The vacuum pressure accelerates the expansion of space in time so that a photon can traverse much more of space than it could in a spacetime filled with matter. To put it another way, the attractive force of matter on light in some sense slows the light down by slowing down the expansion of space itself. In an inflationary phase, the expansion of space is accelerated by vacuum pressure from the cosmological constant, and light gets farther faster because space is expanding faster.
If there were an inflationary phase of our Universe before the radiation-dominated era of the Big Bang, then by the end of the inflationary period, light could have crossed the whole Universe. And so the isotropy of the radiation from the Big Bang would no longer be inconsistent with the finiteness of the speed of light.
The inflationary model also solves the magnetic monopole problem, because in the particle physics that underlies the inflationary idea, there would only be one magnetic monopole per vacuum energy bubble. That means only one magnetic monopole per Universe.
That’s why the inflationary universe theory is still the favored pre-Big Bang cosmology among cosmologists.
But how does Inflation work?
The vacuum energy that drives the rapid expansion in an inflationary cosmology comes from a scalar field that is part of the spontaneous symmetry breaking dynamics of some unified theory particle theory, say, a Grand Unified Theory or string theory.
This field is sometimes called the inflaton. The average value of the inflaton at temperature T is the value at the minimum of its potential energy at that temperature. The location of this minimum changes with temperature, as is shown in the animation to the right.(Sorry, animation is not working right now, but that would be fixed later)
For temperatures T above some critical temperature Tcrit, the minimum of the potential is at zero. But as the temperature cools, the potential changes and a second minimum develops in the potential at a nonzero value. This signals something called a phase transition, like when steam cools and condenses into water. For water the critical temperature Tcrit where this phase transition happens is 100°C, or 373°K.
The two minima in the potential represent the two possible phases of the inflaton field, and of the Universe, at the critical temperature. One phase has the minimum of the field f=0, and the other phase represents the vacuum energy if the ground state hasf=f0.
According to the inflationary model, at the critical temperature, spacetime starts to under go this phase transition from one minimum to the other. But it doesn’t do it smoothly, it stays in the old “false” vacuum too long. This is called supercooling. This region of false vacuum expands exponentially fast, and the vacuum energy of this false vacuum is the cosmological constant for the expansion. It is this process that is called Inflation and solves the flatness, horizon and monopole problems.
This region of false vacuum expands until bubbles of the new broken symmetry phase with f=f0 form and collide, and eventually end the inflationary phase. The potential energy of the vacuum is converted through to kinetic energy of matter and radiation, and the Universe expands according to the Big Bang model already outlined.
A testable prediction?
It’s always good to have testable predictions from a theory of physics, and the inflation theory has a distinct prediction about the density variations in the cosmic microwave background. A bubble of inflation consists of accelerating vacuum. In this accelerating vacuum, a scalar field will have very small thermal fluctuations that are nearly the same at every scale, and the fluctuations will be have a Gaussian distribution. This prediction fits current observations and will be tested with greater precision by future measurements of the cosmic microwave background.
So are all the problems solved?
Despite the prediction above, inflation as described above is far from an ideal theory. It’s too hard to stop the inflationary phase, and the monopole problem has other ways of resurfacing in the physics. Many of the assumptions that go into the model, such as an initial high temperature phase and a single inflating bubble have been questioned and alternative models have been developed.
Today’s inflation models have evolved beyond the original assumption of a single inflation event giving birth to a single Universe, and feature scenarios where universes nucleate and inflate out of other universes in the process called eternal inflation.
There is also another attempt to solve the problems of Big Bang cosmology using a scalar field that never goes through an inflationary period at all, but evolves so slowly so that we observe it as being constant during our own era. This model is calledquintessence, after the ancient spiritual belief in the Quinta Essentia, the spiritual matter from which the four forms of physical matter are made.
Evidence of Life on Mars…
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 29, 2009
Where there is water,there is life, and Mars was certainly flush with microbial life for the first several hundred millions years after its formation. We know this with certainty, because mineralized, fossilized impressions of Martian microbes have been transported to Earth.
Nearly 4 billion years ago, colonies of bacteria were thriving beneath the soil and deep within Martian rocks. When yet another asteroid or comet struck the planet, perhaps 3.6 billion years ago, Martian oceans and streams were likely vaporized or sent splashing across the surface. Some of that water, which was highly mineralized, seeped into cracks within Martian rocks washing over and covering living and dead microbes with H2O. Upon evaporating, the dead microbes were preserved and fossilized, and so too were magneto-fossils surrounded by carbonate globules.
Nearly 4 billion years would pass, and then, 16 million years ago, an asteroid or comet slammed into Mars with the explosive energy of a million nuclear bombs. The impact blasted chunks of Mars into space, which were ejected at 11,000 mph. One of those rocks was 4 billion years old. Its cargo? Fossilized Martian microbes.
For 16 million years that Martian meteor orbited the sun, and then, 13,000 years ago, it collided with the Earth. The outer portions of the meteor melted from the heat of entry, forming a black glassy crust. Then it crashed near the south pole.There it lay, exposed to the elements and those microbes which thrive in the frozen wastes. And then, one sunny afternoon, on December 27, 1984, it was discovered, peeping out from beneath the snow, in a desolate region know as the Far Western Ice field, adjacent to a ridge of rocks named Allan Hills. Bobbie Score made the discovery. It drew her attention because it looked green. A portion of the outer black shell had broken off, and the inside looked green. Score labeled it: ALH 84001. “84″ for the year, and ALH for Alan Hills. and 001 because she believed it was so unusual it deserved to be among the first to be analyzed.
It was placed in a sterilized clean bag. It weighed 4.25 pounds. Her field notes described the meteor as “highly shocked, grayish green. “She identified it as an achondrite, a rare type of meteor which is associated with planets and not asteroids. It was packed into an ice chest, and sent to NASA’s Johnson Space Center where it was placed in a nitrogen chamber and freeze dried to remove any snow or ice or water. It was photographed, a chip broken off and examined, and then classified. However, in the lab, it no longer looked green, but more like a piece of broken cement.Then it was sealed in a sanitized bag, and filed away along with other meteors, on the 2nd floor of the space center, and forgotten. Almost 6 years would pass before it true identity and the secrets its held, would begin to be discovered.
The first indication this meteor was unusual was in 1990, when Duck Mittlefehldt analyzed a small chip with an electron microprobe. The signature of the x-rays ricochet off the meteor indicated it was similar other meteors known as SNCs. SNC is an acronym for three meteors believed to have originated on Mars: the Sherotty, Nakhla and Chassigny. ALH would become the 10th SNC.
Donald Bogard and his colleagues, examined the meteor to help determine its origin. They studied the chemical composition of gasses inside black beads of glass-like material that had bubbled up when the rock was ejected by a violent shock. The gasses matched the Martian atmosphere perfectly as measured by the Viking space craft which sampled the atmosphere in 1976.
By measuring the effects of high energy cosmic rays which impacted the rock while it was in space they deduced it must have orbited in space for 16 million years. Further, by analyzing radioactive decay they estimated it must have sat in the Antarctic ice for 13 million years.
Various dates have been given for the rock, based on an analysis of radioactive decay. Moreover, ALH 84001 displayed magnetic properties, ALH 84001 is a cataclastic orthopyroxenite. It initially crystallized at ~4.5 Ga and was involved in a major impact event at 4.0 Gyr that reset the Ar/Ar clock. It was expelled from the Martian surface by another meteor strike at approximately 15 Ma and eventually landed in Antarctica some 13,000 years ago.
Apparently it was created between 4.5 to 3,8 billion years ago during a time when Mars still had a magnetic field.
Given its age, it is estimated that it must have originated in the heavily cratered southern half of Mars, possibly linked to the Sinus Sabaeus region that has a large impact scar formed around 4 billion years ago.
Sinus Sabaeus Mars
The martian meteor, referred to as ALH 84001, was a 4 billion year old piece of the Red Planet, remnants from a time when Mars had oceans, rivers, lakes and streams. However, this rock from Mars, contained proof that living creatures had also lived on Mars, 4 billion years ago.CARBON COMPOUNDS & CARBONATE GLOBULES: SIGNS OF LIFE
Mittlefehldt soon discovered the martian rock contained high concentrations of carbon compounds. He also observed rounded carbonate globs and spheroids inside the fractured surface which were visible to the naked eye. It was determined that these globules and elongated spheroids had been recycled through water, and were likely biologically produced. Carbonates are typically produced by creatures who live in the ocean, and are found in fossil beds of dead sea life.
Carbonate Globules ALH 84001
The orange carbonate globules had to have formed on Mars as the pattern of cracks would not have occurred upon striking the Earth. The globs also had the same isotopes as the Martian atmosphere, whereas the oxygen isotopes indicated they had formed in water.Thus, the Martian carbonate minerals and carbonate globules were most likely formed by Martian microbes when Martian water seeped into the cracks when this rock was still part of Mars. The carbonate residues were formed in water, and where there is water, there is life.
Carbonate Globules ALH 84001
The Martian carbonate globules, were also discovered to contain calcium rich cores coupled with dissolved carbonates and magnetite and iron-sulfides -which were likely produced via biological processes (McKay et al. 1996); i.e. carbonate and iron-eating bacteria. The outer rims were also oxidized in a pattern that indicated biological activity; that is rusting and reducing.
Carbonate Globules ALH 84001
Everett Gibson and Christ Romanek, alerted by Mittlefehldt, studied the rock and found the carbonates had formed within temperatures habitable to life. Thus the carbonates had formed in water when temperature on Mars could support life.
NANO-BACTERIA MICROFOSSILS
Borrowing a technique from Robert Folk who had discovered nano-bacteria on Earth (which range in size from 50 to 100 nanometers) Romanek used acid to etch away some of the rocky material and immediately spied forms which looked like nano-fossils. The nanofossils looked basically identical to those discovered by Falk.
MAGNETITE – MAGNETIC CRYSTALS
Kathie Thomas-Keprta began examining the rock and found magnetic crystals. These crystals are typically created by water-living bacteria who use them for navigation. These crystals act like magnetic compasses; the magnetic properties coming from the magnetized iron. The magnetic crystals in the martian rock looked just like those created by water living bacteria.
Magnetic Crystals: bacterial magnetosomes
Magnetite crystals from within the carbonate globules of ALH 84001 (Left), look nearly identical to magnetites formed by Earthly magnetotactic bacteria designated MV-1 (Right)
Moreover, the magnetite particles were determined to be similar chemically, morphologically, and structurally to magneto-fossils (McKay et al. 1996); i.e. the fossil remains of bacterial magnetosomes, including those found in fresh pond water.
These crystals were well-organized, elongated and free of defects–which on Earth are considered as indisputable evidence of biological activity. Crystals which are non-biological have chaotic defects and are filled with impurities. This was not the case for those inside the Martian meteorite.
Microbes wall of a space inside their cell where they engage in the synthesis and creation of these crystals. Thus these crystals are small enough to fit inside the cell, but large enough to hold a charge. Microbes also align their crystals into chains, so that the entire chain acts like a huge magnet. This is exactly how those in the Martian meteor were organized.
Using an electronic microscope, E. Imre Friedmann, FSU, in PNAS 2001, examined the Martian rock and round the telltale “choo choo train” formations characteristic of those produced by Earthly bacteria. They were lined up like a string of pearls–like vertebra running up the back, and all were similar in size and shape and did not touch each other, meaning they were flexible and allowed the organism to move. Their purpose could only be to enable their owners to navigate by reacting to a Martian magnetic field. Mars had a very powerful magnetic field for the first 800 million years after the planet began to form.
(Top) Chain of magnetite crystals produced by Earthly magnetotactic bacteria (Bottom) Magnetite crystal chains discovered in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001
Subsequently Thomas-Keprta determined that 28% of the 100s of crystal grains in the rock, were identical to those produced by earth bacteria. She called these crystals: Martian “magneto-fossils. As reported in PNAS, “unless there is an unknown and unexplained inorganic process on Mars that is conspicuously absent on the EArth and forms truncated hexa-octahendral magnetites, we suggest these magnetic crystals in the Martian meteorites ALH84001, were likely produced by a biogenic process. As such, these crystals are interpreted as martian magnetofossils and constitute evidence of the oldest life yet found.”
(Left) Small grains of magnetite (iron oxide) and two types of iron sulfide encase a Martian bacteria discovered in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001. These are of the same shape and size as the magnetite and iron sulfide grains formed by Earthly bacteria which live inside these grains (Right).
The meteor, however, also contained numerous other signs of past Martian life.
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Simon Clemmet at the Zare labs used a laser mass spectrometer to probe the martian rock. The laser beam, was directed at specific molecular targets which were heated to it about 100 million degrees for one 10th of a millionths of a second. Then the target was struck with a ultraviolet laser beam. By measuring the speed of flight and changes of positively charged molecules striking a negatively charged plate, the mass and identity of these molecules was determined.
The result was the positive discovery of Organic molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (with a carbon-hydrogen bond). PAHs are formed by biological processes and are the byproduct of cellular decay. PAHs are formed when bacteria die and begin to decompose. These PAHs, however, were not form Earth, but from Mars.
On Earth, PAHs are typically found in fossil molecules, and are derived from biological activity associated with plankton and early plant life. Although PAHs can be formed at very high temperatures from burnt tobacco or petroleum exhaust, these are also biological substances.
However, the Martian PAHs were different than those found in Earth’s atmosphere and are unlike 99% of all PAHs found on this planet . They were also discovered inside but not on or near the outside of the meteor, which rules out contamination. Moreover,r the PAHS were found adjacent to the carbonate globules which were also biological in origin.
Moreover, the PAHs were found in association with the the outer rims of the carbonate globules were oxidized in a pattern that indicated biological activity.
In fact, the highest concentration of PAHs were found in association with those portions of the meteorite rich in carbonates, and were determined to be indigenous. No evidence of laboratory or Earthly contamination was detected (McKay et al. 1996).
Thus, it could be assumed that the Martian PAHs may have also been produced by microbes, bacteria, or even plankton and plants; which is not inconceivable as the red planet was awash with Martian oceans and great seas t the time the PAHs were formed.
If due to contamination the PAHs should be most abundant on the surface of the meteor but it was not. There was little on the surface and increased in concentration as they penetrated into the interior, and the most was fund next to the carbonate globules, where it was concentrated, and in the same areas where the magnetic crystals were also the most abundant.
In response to concerns about Earthly contamination, Richard Zare responded: “On the contamination issue we studied micrometeorites from the same meltwater in Antarctica and found a different pattern than we did in the Martian meteorite, and I don’t see how contamination could look so different in two meteorites from the same area.” Likewise, Simon Clement (1998) has independently reported that he found no evidence of terrestrial contamination and concluded that the PAHs are extra-terrestrial in origin.
The PAHs were produced by Martians. When these creatures died they left PAHs.
However, they also left the mineralized fossils of their bodies.
MARTIAN MICROBES
In 1996, this team of NASA scientists, headed by Dr. David McKay reported the discovery of fossilized bacteria in this 4 pound 4 billion year old Martian Meteorite. Using technologically advanced high- resolution scanning electron microscopy and laser mass spectrometry NASA scientists discovered clusters of microbes which had all the characteristics of bacteria, including those which were egg-shaped, globular, and tubular, some with the appearance of segmentation suggestive of a head and a tail. These Martian microbes lived and died in large colonies in a watery environment, and were fossilized alongside and within organic residue typically produced by bacteria.
Many were strikingly similar to iron-eating bacteria and microscopic fossils of the tiniest bacteria found on Earth, called nanobacteria. However, and of equal importance, the fossilized bacteria discovered in the Martian meteor are not associated with frigid climates. All the microfossils were in fact found within and not on the surface of the meteor. The only bacteria similar to the Martian bacteria are found in salt deposits and in iron ore deep beneath the Earth. Therefore it is not reasonable to assume the fossils of Martian bacteria are due to contamination as the meteorite was found in Antarctica.
It was also determined that these Martian carbonate ovoid fossils were similar in shape and size to nanobacteria, whereas the elongated forms resemble fossilized filamentous bacteria. Further study, in fact, revealed the presence of long, segmented microfossils (McKay et al. 1996), i.e., microtubules.
Moreover, it was discovered that the shape, size and other features of the ALH84001 microfossils were nearly identical to Earthly microbes, and were “remarkably similar in size and morphology to mineralized filaments and appendages from the Columbia River samples.”
Martian microbes (Left) compared to Earthly microbes from the Columbia River
As summarized by McKay, “Our favored interpretation is that these are in fact microfossils from Mars.”
The magnetite (M) is found in topotactic association with carbonate and was evidently formed by decomposition of siderite. Both M, and Mg-rich carbonate periclase (P) are formed in association with microbial life.
As noted, the fossils were found in association with microscopic oxygen and iron mineral grains, called magnetite, and alongside the carbonate globules and iron and sulphur grains, and the PAHS. These minerals are only found together when they are created biologically and are identical to those produced by bacteria. In fact, 25% of the magnetite in ALH 84001 occurs only in association with the biologic activity. They are a byproduct of iron-eating hyperthermophiles who metabolize and convert iron oxide to magnetite. Thus, the evidence is conclusive. These creatures lived and died on Mars, over 4 billion years ago. They lived at the same time life was appearing on Earth, and during an age when both planets were being pounded by asteroids, meteors, and oceans of frozen ice.
MARTIAN METEORITES NAKHLA AND SHERGOTTY
On March 19, 1999, David McKay announced at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, that an additional pair of Martian meteorites contained “true micro-fossils from Mars.” The fossils actually resembled Earth bacteria in the process of reproducing. These “micro-fossils were found in a 1.3 billion year old Martian meteorite which fell to Earth near Nakhla, Egypt, and nanofossils were found in a 165 million-year old Martian meteorite that fell near Shergotty, India.
Globular microbes discovered in Martian Meteor Nakhla
MARTIAN METEORITE EETA 79001
On October 31, 1996, British scientists and planetary geochemists, Colin Pillinger, Ian Wright, and Monica Grady, announced that they too had discovered evidence that life once existed and thrived on the red planet -Martian life that flourished as recently as 600,000 years ago.
The British team analyzed two different Martian meteorites, including the fist sized rock scrutinized by NASA scientists. Specifically, they discovered a variety of organic compounds including complex organic molecules produced by and associated with carbon-based life forms in a chunk of Mars (EETA 79001) that had been blasted out some 600,000 years ago. By analyzing the various atomic weights of these chemical substances, the British team also reported that the ratios discovered match those of the oldest fossils and bacteria found on Earth; e.g. archaebacteria. Moreover, these scientists discovered “microbially produced methane” similar to the methane produced by bacteria known to live in cow guts as well as other locals on Earth. That is, they discovered chemical residue reminiscent and suggestive of cow flatulence! Farting cows on Mars?
Thus there is evidence that Living creatures have populated Mars for much of its history, from 4 billion years until 600,000 years ago. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that life may still be present on Mars.
In a presentation in London at the Royal Society, the British team reported that “geologically speaking, there appears to be a good chance that life might still exist in protected areas on our nearest planetary neighbor.”
IS THERE STILL LIFE ON MARS
Because of the low temperatures, and lack of sufficient atmospheric shielding, water on the surface of Mars will either freeze, or boil off and turn to vapor. And yet, incredible amounts of water is frozen in the permafrost.
On 2008 NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander touched down north of the Martian arctic circle. and beamed back evidence of freeze-thaw cycles in what proved to be frozen water within a couple inches of the top of the soil. Soon snow was sensed falling from the Martian clouds, and its camera captured images of hoarfrost. It also detected perchlorate, an energy source used by some Earthly microbes.
Evaporating ice on Mars over a 4 day period
On earth innumerable species live within the permafrost, and even miles beneath frozen ice. Some are active. Yet others are dormant and awaken from their icy slumber when the ice begins to thaw.
Similar conditions favorable to biology are also present on Mars.
Because of seasonal changes in the tilt of the planet’s axis and its elliptical orbit, which brings it periodically closer to the sun, Mars’s poles warm dramatically releasing water which flows across the surface. Likewise, when exposed to sunlight, Martian rocks and soil are sometimes heated above freezing and water leaks onto the surface.
VIKING SPACE CRAFT DISCOVERS LIFE ON MARS
Unfortunately, the rovers and the Phoenix were not designed to test for the presence of life. Nevertheless, evidence for life on Mars was discovered in 1976, though for reasons that are not at all clear, NASA issued conflicting reports about the findings. Part of the problem was due to the fact that the two Viking space craft were sent NOT to where life may exist, but to those regions of Mars the least likely to contain life. The exploration sites were chosen for safety and not science.
In addition, the equipment and experiments conducted by the Viking landers were not designed or calibrated properly, and were not sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of microbes which might be living in permafrost or frozen tundra.
Yet, even with these limitations, biological activity associated with microbial activity including reproduction, was in fact detected. Specifically, the “Labeled Release” (LR) experiment took a sample of Martian soil and added a nutrient that contained radioactive carbon. The purpose was to detect the presence of radioactivity in the gasses released that would indicate biological activity. A control experiment treated a second sample that had been sterilized.
In every experiment conducted, positive results were obtained from the unsterilized sample, and negative results were obtained for the sterilized sample. Thus,the LR experiment proved there was life on Mars.
However, a second series of experiments, employing a gas chromotagraph and mass spectometer was conducted to test for organic material associated with living organisms. Yet this experiment was so poorly designed and so insensitive that it would have been unable to find evidence of life on Earth under similar conditions. The GC/MS experiment required that a gram of soil had to contain over 100 million organisms before signs of life could be detected. When the GC/MS experiment was tested against Antarctic soil which was brimming with bacteria, it failed to find evidence of life.
Thus, whereas the LR experiment demonstrated the presence of life on Mars, not surprisingly, the GC/MS provided negative results. NASA administrators, however, overruled the scientists who designed the experiments, ignored the positive findings and issued a statement falsely claiming that no evidence of life was found he in fact evidence of life was present.
METHANE MICROBES ON MARS?
A variety of life forms and innumerable microbes could easily flourish on Mars, some living in the permafrost, just inches beneath the soil, others hundreds of feet beneath the surface. The dominant life forms are probably extremophiles, microorganisms which obtain energy from minerals, metals or the reduction of carbon dioxide. Those who digest carbon dioxide or who feast on other organics would in turn release various gasses including methane as a waste product which would accumulate in the atmosphere only to bleed away into space.
In fact, gasses released from within the soil are indicative of a huge biomass of Martian microbes. In 2003, huge plumes of methane gas were detected in the Martian atmosphere. On Earth, methane is generally produced biologically, by living and decaying organisms. The Methane was detected by Michael Mumma of the Goddard Space Flight Center who employed infrared spectrometers on three Earth-based telescopes, About 19,000 metric tons of methane were detected in these plumes.
Beginning in 2003, Europe’s Mars Express spacecraft tracked three separate methane plumes. Several possible emission sources were identified in the northern and southern hemispheres, in the vicinity of Arabia Terra, Nili Fossae and Syrtis Major.
On Earth, 90% of all methane released into the atmosphere is produced biologically. Methane is released as a waste product by bacteria and burping, farting cows. Other Earthly sources include termites, decay in anaerobic paddy fields, peat bogs and landfill.
The other 10% is produced geologically, such as via the interactions of water with molten lava belched out by volcanoes. Even so, only minute concentration of methane exist in the Earth’s atmosphere.
It is highly unlikely, in fact, it is improbable that the Martian methane plumes were produced by a non-biological sources.
On earth, because of geological phenomena such as plate tectonics, and volcanic activity, various gases are continually burped into the atmosphere. On Mars, whatever seeps into the soil, rock, or which comes to be locked beneath the surface of the planet, remains locked in place. However, microorganisms would actively secrete and excrete methane, which would leak out from the surface and into the atmosphere. Thus microbes are most likely the source for methane which is constantly being replenished.
Titan. Widespread cloud cover of frozen methane (lower R). Dark area indicate seas of liquid methane. The chart on the left track’s Titan’s methane aerosol haze by altitude, showing the heights of frozen and liquid methane clouds. Liquid methane rains down in the mornings. The bright region named Xanadu, is awash with Methane Images were taken in 2005 and 2006.
Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, is also awash with methane. Rivers of liquid methane flow across the surface and there is widespread clouds of frozen methane, suggesting that it rains methane on Titan.
If the source is biological or geological, is unknown.
On Mars methane is readily destroyed by chemical reactions or leaks into space due to the solar wind, the lack of a magnetosphere, and the sun’s UV rays. Thus, the fact that methane has been repeatedly detected, even at very low levels, indicates a living source must be continually excreting this gas.
Further, because of seasonal changes in the tilt and orbit of Mars, it would be expected that biological activity would be cyclic, and thus the amount of methane released should wax and wane over time.
Between 2003 and 2006, the size of the methane plumes decreased in size and extent. Although fluctuations in biological activity is a reasonable explanation, it is possible that temperature changes also associated with alterations it the tilt and orbit of Mars, trigger the opening and closing of cracks in the surface which effects venting from the planet’s interior. Likewise, these same temperature changes could cause various microorganisms to be released from their icy cocoons and to begin digesting and secreting methane upon awakening. However, if the methane is being produced by living organisms, there should be evidence of other complex organic molecules in the atmosphere, and so far these have not been discovered.
CONCLUSION: LIFE ON MARS
Mars was once awash with water, lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans; and like the oceans of Earth, much of Martian water must have also come from space. And where there is water there is life. In fact, there is still evidence of water on Mars, including frozen ice at the poles, and what appears to be shallow pools of water on the surface. What became of the oceans of Mars, is still a mystery. Nevertheless, 4 billion years ago and perhaps as recently as a few hundreds of thousands of years ago, Mars may have been lush with life, and evidence of past life and the oceans of Mars, can still be foundon the surface.
The evidence is compelling, and includes data and/or microfossils recovered from 4 Martian meteors. These meteors are all presumed to be from Mars and to have originated on Mars based on measurement of gases trapped in one meteorite’s interior. The trapped gases match those measured in the martian atmosphere by the Viking Space Craft in 1976. However, this finding assumes that the Martian atmosphere has not changed in billions of years.
Based on overwhelming evidence, it can be concluded that living creatures dwelled on Mars beginning 4 billion years ago, at about the same time life appeared on Earth. Some of these Martian microbes lived in a watery environment. Others dwelled within rocks deep beneath the soil and bathed in water which seeped down into cracks within the rocks. Those microbes which died were fossilized when the water mixed with organic residue, creating carbonate cocoons which imprisoned their remains. However, when pieces of Mars were sheared from the surface and flung into space, this debris probably carried not just fossilized remains, but huge colonies of creatures that had not yet died–some of which fell to Earth.
However, this does not mean that life on Earth came from Mars, or life on Mars is from the Earth.
In two scholarly, scientific monographs available on the Cosmology.net website, overwhelming evidence is presented detailing the origins and evolution of life including the origin of this solar system.
Life on Mars and Life on Earth, like our solar system, ultimately have the same source: a titanic parent star and its planets which were destroyed in a supernova nearly 5 billion years ago.
The ancestry of Earthly and Martian Life can be traced to creatures that arrived from space, encased in all types of debris which in turn had come from other, more ancient worlds.
Life on Mars, came from other planets.
Extra Dimensions in Newtonian Gravity
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 29, 2009
Theoretical physicists didn’t start studying higher dimensional theories of fundamental physics until after the modern era of 20th century quantum mechanics and relativity had begun. But the physical consequences of extra dimensions of space can be worked out in Newtonian physics and it is there that we actually find the first and most important observational constraint on the number of space dimensions in our Universe.
The first thing we need to know about an extra dimension is: is itcompact or noncompact? An example of a noncompact dimension is the infinite line of real numbers that makes the axis of a rectangular coordinate system, say the x axis. The line has a one-dimensional volume that is infinite. An example of a compact dimension would be rolling the x axis into a closed circle of radius R, which then has a finite volume of 2pR.
The length of the infinitesimal line element in spherical coordinates in D noncompact dimensions is
where dWD-1 represents the D-1 angular terms in the metric. The gravitational potential F(r) solves the Laplace equation with a point source, which generalizes in D dimensions to
The force F(r) is proportional to the gradient of the potential F(r), so therefore the force must vary with distance from the source as GD/rD-1, where GD is Newton’s constant, which determines the strength of the gravitational coupling, as measured in D space dimensions. (Remember, in Newtonian gravity time isn’t being treated as a dimension yet.)
Extra noncompact dimensions would change the force law of gravity away from being the inverse square law that has been and still is measured experimentally. This would drastically alter the behavior of planets, because it’s only in an inverse square potential that the equations of motion of Newtonian gravity predict stable closed orbits. So astronomers and physicists can set limits on possible extra dimensions without even going to fancy accelerators, by watching the orbits of planets and satellites.
A compact extra dimension has a completely different effect on the Newtonian force law. In a D-dimensional space with one dimension compactified on circle of radius R with an angular coordinatea that is periodic with period 2p, the line element becomes
The force law derived from the potential that solves the Laplace equation becomes
So if we added an extra compact space dimension to our three existing noncompact space dimensions, then D=4, but D-2=2, so the force law is still an inverse square law. The Newtonian force law only cares about the number of noncompact dimensions. At distances much larger than R, An extra compact dimension can’t be detected gravitationally by an altered force law.
The effect of adding an extra compact dimension is more subtle than that. It causes the effective gravitational constant to change by a factor of the volume 2pR of the compact dimension. If R is very small, then gravity is going to be stronger in the lower dimensional compactified theory than in the full higher-dimensional theory.
So if this were our Universe, the Newton’s constant that we measure in our noncompact 3 space dimensions would have a strength equal to the full Newton’s constant of the total 4-dimensional space, divided by the volume of the compact dimension.
That’s an important detail, because the size of the gravitational coupling constant is what determines the distance scale of quantum gravity. So the distance scale of quantum gravity has to be very carefully defined in theories with compactified extra dimensions.
The Kaluza-Klein idea
Why would anyone consider a theory with extra dimensions? Because this turns out to provide a convenient mathematical framework for unifying gravity with electromagnetism and the other known forces. The first consideration of this idea occurred in the 1920s in separate work by Theodore Kaluza and Oskar Klein.
Consider a 5-dimensional spacetime with space coordinates x1,x2,x3,x4 and time coordinate x0, where the x4 coordinate is rolled up into a circle of radius R so that x4 is the same as x4+2pR
Suppose the metric components are all independent of x4. The spacetime metric can be decomposed into components with indices in the three noncompact directions (signified by a,b below) or with indices in the x4 direction:
The four ga4 components of the metric look like the components of a spacetime vector in four spacetime dimensions that could be identified with the vector potential of electromagnetism with the usual field strength Fab
The field strength is invariant under a a reparametrization of the compact x4 dimension via
which acts like a U(1) gauge transformation, as it should if this is to act like electromagnetism. This field obeys the expected equations of motion for an electromagnetic vector potential in four spacetime dimensions. The g44 component of the metric acts like a scalar field and also has the appropriate equations of motion.
In this model, something miraculous happens: a theory with a gravitational force in five spacetime dimensions becomes a theory in four spacetime dimensions with three forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, and scalar.
When the wave equation is solved in this spacetime, the periodic boundary conditions in the compact x4 dimension lead to integer eigenvalues for the momentum in that direction
This quantized momentum acts as the charge for the vector potential Aa. The spectrum of the four-dimensional theory therefore includes an infinite number of charged particles with mass
where n is an integer.
If R is very small, then the masses of these Kaluza-Klein modes are very large even when n is small. So that means we’d need very high energy to create these particles in an accelerator experiment. If R is very large, then the Kaluza-Klein modes starts to form a continuous spectrum.
But those are not the only new states in the Kaluza-Klein spectrum. The g44 component of the metric propagates as a massless scalar field f(xa) in the noncompact dimensions. This would result in a new long range force not observed in Nature. So there has to be a way for this field to become massive, and quite a lot of work has gone into trying to find a good answer to that question.
As in the Newtonian limit, the Newton’s constant measured in four spacetime dimensions is again derived from the full gravitational coupling constant in the five-dimensional theory, divided by the volume (in this case a circumference) of the compact dimension.
Kaluza-Klein compactification like this has been extended to many dimensions, and to supergravity theories. The theory of eleven dimensional supergavity with the extra seven space dimensions compactified on a seven dimensional sphere was a very popular candidate before 1985, and now it is part of the bigger theory that encompasses and relates all string theories, called M-theory.
Kaluza-Klein in string theory
Superstring theory is a possible unified theory of all fundamental forces, but superstring theory requires a 10 dimensional spacetime, or else bad quantum states called ghosts with unphysical negative probabilities become part of the spectrum and spoil Lorentz invariance. Fermions are very complicated to work with in higher dimensions, so for the sake of simplicity let’s consider bosonic string theory, which is Lorentz invariant and ghost-free (albeit tachyonic) in d=26.
A particle trajectory only has one parameter: the proper time along the path of the particle. Going from particles to strings adds a new parameter: the distance along the string
and that’s what makes the outcome of Kaluza-Klein compactification far more interesting in string theory than it is in particle theory.
If we compactify x25 on a circle of radius R, we get the usual Kaluza-Klein quantized momentum in that direction
We want gravity in the theory, so we need to look at closed strings. A closed string can do something that a particle cannot do: get wrapped around the circle in the compact dimension.
A closed string can be wrapped around the circle once, twice, or any number of times, and the number of times the string is wrapped around the circle is called the winding number w. The string oscillator sum in the x25 direction changes by a constant piece in a way that is consistent with the periodicity of the closed string and the compact dimension
The string tension Tstring is the energy per unit length of the string. If the string is wound w times around a circular dimension with radius R, then the energy Ew stored in the tension of the wound string is
The mass of an excited string depends on the number of oscillator modes N and Ñ excited in the two directions of propagation around the closed string, minus the constant vacuum energy. Kaluza-Klein compactification adds the quantized momentum in the compact dimensions, and the tension energy from the string being wrapped w times around the compact dimension, so that the total squared mass becomes
A very crucial feature of this mass equation is the symmetry under
This is what makes string theory so different from particle theory. The theory doesn’t really distinguish between the quantized momentum modes, and the winding modes of the string in the compact dimension. This creates a symmetry between small and large distances that is not present in Kaluza-Klein compactification of a particle theory.
This symmetry is called T-duality. T-duality is a symmetry that relates different string theories that everyone thought were completely unrelated before T-duality was understood. T-duality preceded the Second Superstring Revolution.
The theory gains extra massless particles when the radius R of the compact dimension takes the minimum value possible given the above symmetry of T-duality, which is just the string scale itself
This is another purely stringy effect, not occurring with particles.
The Kaluza-Klein compactification of strings can be done on more than one dimension at once. When n dimensions are compactified into circles, then this is called toroidal compactification, because the product of n copies of a circle is an n-torus, or Tn for short.
When fermions are added to make superstrings, the mathematics becomes more complicated but the structures and symmetries become more rich. The most studied superstring compactification is heterotic string theory compactified on a Calabi-Yau space in six-dimensions (or three complex dimensions).
These general models all have in common that the spacetime is a direct product
where M4 is the four-dimensional noncompact spacetime, and X6 is some six-dimensional compact internal space. This means that the metric on M4 doesn’t depend at all on the coordinates in the internal space. In this case, the gravitational coupling constant that we measure as Newton’s constant GN is related to the gravitational coupling G10 of the full ten-dimensional superstring theory by
where VX is the volume of X6.
In terms of the Planck mass MPlanck, which is the quantum gravity mass scale determined by the gravitational coupling GN, this relationship becomes
where the mass MS is the fundamental mass scale of the full ten-dimensional theory.
Braneworlds
In the Kaluza-Klein picture, the extra dimensions are envisioned as being rolled up in compact space with a very small volume, with massive excited states called Kaluza-Klein modes whose mass makes them too heavy to be observed in current or future accelerators.
The braneworld scenario for having extra dimensions while hiding them from easy detection relies on allowing the extra dimensions to be noncompact, but with a warped metric that depends on the extra dimensions and so is not a direct product space. A simple model in five spacetime dimensions is the Randall-Sundrum model, with metric
In this scenario, the three-dimensional space that we experience is a three-dimensional subspace, called a 3-brane, located at f=0, with another 3-brane located at f=p, or y=prc. The full four-dimensional space, or five-dimensional spacetime, is referred to as the bulk. The warping or curving of the bulk gives rise to a cosmological constant, which is proportional to the parameter k.
Since the extra space dimension is noncompact, we would expect the force law of gravity to change. However in this picture, the warping of the brane causes the the graviton to become bound to our brane, so that the graviton wave function falls away very rapidly away in the direction of the extra dimension.
This spacetime also has oscillations in the extra dimension that are the Kaluza-Klein modes, but in this case there is a continuous spectrum of modes. This would seem to rule the model out, except that the Kaluza-Klein modes here are so weakly coupled that they can’t be detected on the brane.
Why would this model be preferable to having compact extra dimensions? In Kaluza-Klein compactification, the Planck mass in the full ten-dimensional superstring
The parameter M is the fundamental mass scale in the full theory in the bulk, and k is about the same size as M. So for krc>>1, the Planck scale measured on our brane would be about the same size as the Planck scale as measured in the full theory. This avoids the situation in the Kaluza-Klein compactification where the Planck mass in four spacetime dimensions depends on the volume of the compactified space, which is hard to control dynamically.
How could they be observed?
One problem with theoretical models of gravity and particle physics is that before they can make unique testable predictions of new physics, they have to be worked on so that they don’t contradict any existing theoretical or experimental knowledge. That can be a long process, and it’s not really over for superstring theories or for braneworld models, especially not braneworld models derived from superstring theories.
In superstring theory with Kaluza-Klein compactification, there are several different energy scales that come into play in going from a string theory to a low energy effective particle theory that is consistent with observed particle physics and cosmology.
The attribute of superstring theory that looks the most promising for experimental detection is supersymmetry. Supersymmetry breaking and compactification of higher dimensions have to work together to give the low energy physics we observe in accelerator detectors.
Braneworld models in general are very different from superstring Kaluza-Klein compactification models because they don’t require there to be so many steps between the Planck scale and the electroweak scale. The huge difference between the Planck scale and the electroweak scale is called the gauge hierarchy problem.
Supersymmetry is interesting to particle physicists because it can address this problem. But some braneworld models need supersymmetry for the brane geometry to be stable.
If supersymmetry is detected at next-generation particle physics experiments, then the details of the supersymmetric physics will have something to say, hopefully, about any underlying superstring model and whether there is Kaluza-Klein compactification of extra space dimensions into some tiny rolled up internal space, or whether we are all living as the four dimensional equivalent of flies stuck on the wall of a higher dimensional Universe.
Looking For Extradimensions..
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 29, 2009
When we say that the space we live in has three dimensions, what does that mean?
When we describe the size of an object, or of a space like a room, we use three numbers: the height, the width and the depth. The height, width and depth of a room are numbers that can vary independently from one another. That’s one way to see that space is three dimensional. Another way is that we need three numbers to exactly locate ourselves on the Earth: longitude, latitude and elevation above sea level. That’s another argument for space being three-dimensional. That’s what we see.
When mathematicians or physicists talk about dimensions, they mean the number of independent coordinates needed to specify any point in a given space. The tradition is to label these three coordinates (x,y,z), with z usually denoting the up direction or the direction of height.
One of the big discoveries of early classical physics was the similarity between the forces of gravity and electrostatics. The gravitational force between two planets and the electrostatic force between two electric charges were both observed to vary as the inverse square of the distance between the two objects. So if r is your distance from the center of a planet, then the gravitational force of that planet on you will vary like r-2. If you go twice as far away, the force will only be one fourth as strong.
But the number of coordinates in a mathematical equation is easy to increase on paper. When the gravitational and electrostatic equations are solved in a space with D dimensions, then the force varies with distance like r1-D. (Notice this gives the right answer when D=3.)
This gives physicists an interesting way to do fine measurements of the numbers of dimensions of space. They can look at the gravitational force and put quantitative limits on any funny behavior that would come from possible extra dimensions.
If three space dimensions is consistent with current gravitational physics and interior decorating, then why look more closely at the force law? Because there are ways that extra dimensions of space can become undetectable or at least very difficult to detect by our world, so we can eat our cake and hide it, too, so to speak
Ares-1X: The Ultimate Parachute Test
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 27, 2009
- In: Astronomy| Technology| space
- 1 Comment
How do you stop a 200,000-pound solid rocket motor from ending up at the bottom on the Atlantic Ocean? With the biggest, strongest rocket parachutes ever built of course! And they are snuggly packed in the forward section of the Ares I-X rocket, awaiting their debut performance. The Ares I-X flight will be the first full flight test of the Ares I first stage parachute system.
NASA and ATK have successfully conducted nine development tests of the parachute
system including the main cluster parachute test on May 20, 2009. Credit: U.S. Army
Yuma Proving Ground (Watch the test, Windows, streaming)
NASA, ATK and other partners have successfully tested each element of the parachute system. In fact, over the last three years, the team has conducted three pilot, two drogue, three single main, and one main cluster parachute drop tests at Yuma Proving Ground in Yuma, Az.
But Ares I-X will be the best test of the whole kit and caboodle because of the unique flight profile.
“You simply can’t drop 200,000 pounds out of a plane. The only way we can do drop testing is from a C-17 aircraft and there is a 90,000 pound load limit. The Ares booster weighs more than double that,” said Ron King, Ares first stage deceleration subsystem manager at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Al. “And Ares I-X is the only test of the entire flight sequence from start to finish, or separation to splashdown as it will be.”
On October 9, 2009 NASA and industry engineers dropped a 72,000 pound test payload
from the back of a U.S. Air Force C-17 aircraft from an altitude of 25,000 feet, tying the
record for the heaviest load ever extracted from the aircraft during flight. This drop test
was designed to push the main parachute’s canopy to its limit — supporting a
250,000-pound dynamic load. The payload included the main parachute for the Ares I
rocket. Credit: U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground
The Ares deceleration system consists of three types of parachutes: (1) a small pilot chute which pulls out the drogue chute; (2) a 68-foot diameter drogue chute and (3) three 150-foot diameter main parachutes. Here’s how the sequence goes:
The Ares I-X first stage separates from the upper stage at 124 seconds into the test flight, at an altitude of 130,000 feet. The vehicle’s four tumble motors then fire to slow the first stage for its return trip to Earth and eventual recovery. At an altitude of about 15,000-feet the nose cone is jettisoned, immediately deploying the pilot parachute. The pilot chute will in turn deploy the 68-foot drogue parachute, which is the workhorse of the system and will re-orient the booster to vertical and slow it to acceptable conditions for main parachute deployment. At about 4,000 feet, the separation at the base of the forward skirt extension occurs, pulling out the three 150-foot diameter main chutes packed within. These majestic red, white and blue canopies slow the booster even more, carrying it gently to splashdown.
Artist concept of the Ares I-X first stage recovery sequence. Credit: ATK
“The velocity and re-entry environments we’ll see on Ares I-X are a bit less than Ares I, but we will get a great deal of data to help us refine the final flight hardware designs,” said King. ”We can’t wait to see our giant parachutes off the coast of Florida.”
Undergrad Proposal Deadline Nears for NASA Reduced Gravity Flights
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 27, 2009
- In: space
- Leave a Comment
The deadline is fast-approaching for undergraduate students to submit their team proposals to NASA’s Reduced Gravity Education Flight Program. Proposals must be received by 11:59 p.m. CDT, Wednesday, Oct. 28.
NASA’s Reduced Gravity Education Flight Program gives aspiring explorers a chance to propose, design and fabricate a reduced gravity experiment. Selected teams will get to test and evaluate their experiment aboard a modified Boeing 727 jetliner provided by the Zero-Gravity Corporation of Las Vegas. Zero-Gravity Corporation will conduct the flights in cooperation with the Reduced Gravity Office at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.
The aircraft will fly approximately 30 roller-coaster-like climbs and dips during experiment flights to produce periods of weightlessness and hyper-gravity ranging from 0 g to 2 g.
“Today’s students will be conducting tomorrow’s space exploration,” said Douglas Goforth, the program manager at Johnson. “Conducting a hands-on research and engineering project in a truly reduced gravity laboratory gives students a head start in preparing for those future ventures.”
All applicants must be full-time students, U.S. citizens and at least 18 years old. NASA will announce selected teams Dec. 9. Teams will fly in the summer of 2010. Selected teams also may invite a full-time, accredited journalist to fly with them and document the team’s experiment and experiences.
Through this program, NASA continues its tradition of investing in the nation’s education programs. It is directly tied to the agency’s education goal of strengthening NASA and the nation’s future workforce. Through this and other college and university programs, NASA will identify and develop the critical science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills and capabilities needed to carry out its space exploration mission.
For more information about the Reduced Gravity Education Flight Program or to submit a proposal, contact the program at jsc-reducedgravity@nasa.gov, or visit:
http://microgravityuniversity.jsc.nasa.gov
For more information about NASA’s Education programs, visit:
Cammy: Another Lake Monster
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 25, 2009
Some say there is a new monster in Canada living in a lake on Vancouver Island. John Kirk, cofounder of The British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club, say his org. Began cataloguing sighting reports of an odd creature in Cameron lake about five year ago when two people reported seeing a black animal in water. He proclaimed witnesses have been describing what looke like a lake monster. He added that British Columbia has more reputed lake monster than anywhere else. Kirk believe that the creature may be found and spent one day aboard, a boat searching lake.
Using a fish finder, Kirk’s team found what he believes was a giant object a mid a school of fish about 60feet below surface. Because the sonar picked up the object over the course of several passes, Kirk believes anomalous reading was not a simply tight pack of fish which would’ve eventually dispersed. Yet sonar images by fish finder inherently ambiguous and give very little info. Unfortunately, the promise of better evidence vanished in the cold lake when the investigate team lost its underwater camera. May fastener was not properly tightened or perhaps lake monster had it for lunch. Whatever the reason the flash had to be called off. While Cammy is the newest monster, the most famous mystery serpent in the area is Caddy, a serpentine lake monster. As with all such animals there is little consensus on what they might be, perhaps a known fish, survived plesiosaur or eyewitnesses’ mistaken perception. Whilst the media entertain conjecture about lake Cameron monster. Indeed, the recent vintage of this monster sighting argues against existence of large unknown creature living there. In a photograph taken by a woman in 2007, it more looks like a large fish. Although infact there was something strange, but there is an illogical leap in assuming that “something strange” is necessarily unknown lake monster.
Superstrings to Rescue..?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 21, 2009
Quantum physics hadn’t resolved our current perceptive of particle energy theme, That’s why superstring has to be inserted in matter energy theme. Even though the natural length scale of string theory is much much much too small to be be measure directly in particle experiments, there are aspects of string theory that might be measurable with today’s technology or with technology of near future.
One of the prediction of string theory is that at higher energy scales, we should start to see evidence of a symmetry that gives every particle that transmits a force(boson), a partner particle that makes up matter or fermion and vice versa. The symmetry between forces and matter is called supersymmetry and partner particles are superpartners. In current particle experiments we can’t yet see any direct evidence for the existence of superpartners for known elementary particles(there is some indirect evidence however). There is a good chance we could start to see superpartners in future particle experiments. He that happened, it could turn out to be evidence for string theory. Recently, LHC experiment that was done to find evidence of god particle or higgs boson but it was failed due some reasons. May be, perhaps one day we’ll able to find evidence of such particles in near future, if and only if our such hypothesized particle do exist otherwise total waste of time and money.
Project Blue Beam Patrol: Holographic Cops
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 20, 2009
I know this could help us in order to maintain security and lessening crime. Since 1961 U.S. Has experienced a 580% increase in violent crime and philanthropic BilderBerg group is concerned. Well all know that our municipal police forces are greatly out gunned and out number by the great number of heavily armed criminal that thrive in our cities. We simply can’t have enough constable on the street to ensure that their presence will maintain a more secure society. Police patrol serves two functions, obviously they are there to enforce the law, but the most important role of a police officer on patrol to prevent the crimes from occuring. The officer serves as a deterrent to potential crime simply by his or her presence. Studies have shown that just the fact that an armed officer of of the law stands within they makes people for loss likely to commit a crime. Thus after careful research and study the BilderBerg group is prove to unveil “Project Blue Beam Patrol”. In cooperation with TRW space and technology, NASA and othe world space agencies, the BilderBerg group has developed a series of three stationary satellites with advanced lasers technology that enable them to project holographic images onto the Earth’s surface from outer space!
This amazing technology allows Project Blue Beam Patrol to create holographic decoys of police officers that will patrol our city streets along with and among our own finest. The criminals will not be able to tell which of them are real and which are not? It will create total confusion among criminals. And their tendency to crime will simply reduced. Very amazing technology. These 4D holograms could reduce some crimes but not eliminate at all.
Mysterious Particle Ribbon at the Edge of Solar System
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 18, 2009
More recently, some interesting discoveries has been done by Voyager probes that were later verified by data obtained from IBEX and Cassini probes. They have discovered the particle ribbon at the edge of solar system. The bubble of gas enveloping Earth and the rest of the solar system has some seriously weird formation where it abuts interstellar space , a region expected to show only smooth uniformity.
This is a shocking new results for up and one that is not entirely understood. The stops out streams of ionized particle that blast out into space in all directions at about a million miles per hour, forming a protective bubble and defining edge of the solar system.
But the rivers of gas face pressure– and some unknown physics- when and where they encounter charged particles and magnetic fields emanating from space. The solar system is currently through a rather wispy interstellar cloud in the milky way galaxy, which gives the heliosphere plenty of creating room. But the outside world apparently has some sharp elbows. In their first big picture views of heliosphere, scientist discovere a well defined neutrally charge particles, precisely tailored, process unknown by magnetic fields in the interstellar sea. The ribbon is organised around this magnetic fields. Really it seems me interesting when I read this news.
Another Puzzling Dino
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 17, 2009
I like them since I saw Jurassic Park? No, I liked them before Jurassic Park and still today. Yesterday, I googled for biggest dinosaurs and I was thrown to site that has really great stuff about dinosaurs. In one of dinosaurs article Mr. Bob Strauss describes about a dinosaur named hypergigantosaurus with an enormous size of 500 foot and weighed approximately 20000 tonnes. This animal lived in plains of northern America. I think this one was surely biggest dinosaur of all the time if it really existed. Since I can’t find further info on that dinosaur through over the web except that one, I don’t know whether this one is credible source or not. But if it is very interesting. Read full article above.
Reason to Believe Life on Mars
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 15, 2009
It was just another reason to believe that Mars may be the last colony intelligent species live in before migrating to Earth. More recently, NASA has confirmed water on Mars ,giving scientist another place to study whether the environment could have sustained life. Some scientist including me believe that Mars was the place where an intelligent civilization prospered once till Mars lost its electromagnetic poles because the nuclear reactor at core ran out of fuel. The deposits of salts confirmed by Mars Odessey Orbiter in recent years, appears to be disconnected making it most probable that they did not all come from one big global body of surface water. Many of the deposits lie in the basins with channels leading into them, which is the kind of feature consistent with water flowing in over a long time. More recently a meteor said to be came from Mars was lurking with bacteria giving rise to the panspermia hypothesis. Worth considering is that if a meteor that was facing too much radiation of space was bacteria rich, then why not Mars? Mars is still eden for life. Currently NASA confirmed water on moon and Mars. Media has its own role to reveal what is truth. I think NASA had found water on moon and Mars earlier, but they were part of classified and secret knowledge. At that time media was not so active that’s why they hadn’t disclosing it. If they can send human to moon in 1969 then why could not find water? Denial and falsification have always suppressed me. But it doesn’t matter because now they are disclosing truth. And now I could expect soon we’ll hear news, “Hey, we have found life on Mars. Now Nasa is planning for a Mars base and colony”. I’m still believing that there are rodents on mars, life on mars.
Sci-Fi: Smart Home
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 14, 2009
How would you like staying in a home that runs itself just at your will? When you come home tired from office, at the flick of a button the lights come on, your music system starts playing your favourite music, you can enjoy even jogging in your own home with a virtual real 3D natural environment. This is your smart home from the future. In upcoming 2 or 3 decades you will not only be familiar with such smart home but you also own that.
In this smart home you have(or your home is capable of):
1. An android, your duplicate robotic machine that will help you in your office work and others. A good friend and servant unless they got a sci fi twist.
2. This home will be multi-purpose. Say if you are a casino owner, and if you like to run casino in night, it would really allow you to do so. This home will be changed completely into a casino bar.
3. These homes will certainly be portable.(oops… mostly relying on the technology at that time and how much money have you spent on that one.)
4. Smart home have a security system that protect home. It will send a message to nearest police station automatically, when someone try to hack or attack on your home.
You can certainly get another facilities with that home depending on how much you spent , in similar way, buying a mobile phone. So wait just for two or three decades and you have your own smart home.
Electromagnetic Life
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 13, 2009
I’ve heard about Indian metaphysics and studies not too much but. In Indian metaphysics it is described that our body is mix up of a material body and subtle body. It mainly focus on analyzing subtle body and increasing spritu ability. One may say it superstitiousmess but it doesn’t matter anyway because I think it is an unknown science to modern. I rather include it into category of superscience that allows one to deal with interdimensions. That is another matter.
One thing which attracts me is that I can relate the idea of metaphysical subtle bodies to plasma life forms or electromagnetic life forms. Previous posts on plasma based life speculated similarities between so called subtle bodies and plasma bodies and believe of it comes out to be so similar. Now I can imagine a world of floating plasma life that are far advanced us in a dark universe. Yea… Dark universe that is about 90% of our whole universe. And it is very likely possibility that somewhere in dark materialized universe may be lurking with advanced, very very intelligent plasma entities that are perhaps in domination in our universe. May be inside ours as metaphysics describes it as subtle body.
EXTRATERRESTRIALS: WHERE ARE THEY?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 12, 2009
EXTRATERRESTRIALS: WHERE ARE THEY?
Given our own curiosity as to life elsewhere in the cosmos, it is certainly conceivable that some of those who have evolved in the more ancient corners of the cosmos might be interested in and quite capable of not just observing, but visiting the Earth. If that is the case, it might be asked, then why don’t they announce themselves and open up lines of communication?
Perhaps, like good anthropologists they merely observe and gather information, and for the most part leave Earthlings to behave largely unmolested. Speculating wildly, maybe it is even against some type of Cosmic law. Or there is little or no motivation to visit a world that is just like a trillion other planets swarming with violent, sex-obsessed, power-hungry human-like creatures.
Or, perhaps the humans that evolved on other worlds self-destructed in the nuclear fires of their own making. That is, life appears, undergoes metamorphosis, humans emerge only to destroy human-life, the end.
SEEDS OF LIFE
The Universe may be buzzing with life, and some of these life forms, these “seeds of life,” have been repeatedly tossed into the abyss following impact shearings, cosmic collisions and Red Giant conditions followed by supernova. As the first evidence of Earthly life appeared almost immediately after the creation of this planet, and within 700 million year pummeling by all manner of debris, it thus appears that at least a few of these seeds–and their DNA– fell to Earth, as well as other planets. For further details see: Life on Earth Came From Other Planets. As DNA can only be produced by DNA, then it would appear that these initial DNA-life forms were exobiological in origin.
Not all immigrants survive. Most are probably killed or die as they journey through space. Those who crashed upon planets but under life neutralizing environmental likely perished, leaving no trace of their brief earthly sojourn, or their DNA. However, on many planets and moon, some of these “seeds of life” may well have remained dormant until the environment was sufficiently genetically altered so as to sustain them.
In this regard, the members of the five Kingdoms of Life who have taken root on Earth -including woman and man- could be considered a small representative sample, and a partial, limited example of life and its many manifold possibilities, as it exists, takes form, “evolves,” and struggles for existence elsewhere in the Universe.
However, as to those who survived these great journeys, they not only flourished but may have shared genetic information and then acted in concert to genetically engineer the environment. That is, the DNA of these organisms acted on the environment, which acts on gene selection, so as to promote DNA dispersal and activation.
Specifically, collectively these creatures, including all present day species, constitute a supra-DNA organism which promotes DNA expression and dispersal by acting on the environment which acts on gene selection thus releasing hidden stores of genetic information, including those codes for the recreation of creatures that long ago lived on other planets. Over the ensuing 3 billion years there soon emerged all manner of species, the vast majority of which had probably been programmed into the DNA of those creatures who long ago lived on other planets.
As DNA is the only source for DNA and life is the only source for life, and as the first DNA-based organism to appear on this planet must have arrived from another planet, then its stands to reason that the genetic instructions for creating all manner of organs, systems, and species, including creatures resembling modern woman and man, were inherited from exobiological organisms who possessed a visual, auditory, skeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous system; creatures who long ago lived on other planets. For further details see The Evolution of Life From Other Planets.
Similarly, since humans inherited their DNA from those who were among the first to take root on this planet, it can be concluded that human DNA traces it ancestry interminably into the long ago.
THE NATURE OF EXOBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS
Evolutionary metamorphosis may be a principle of life on every suitable planet that is susceptible to genetic engineering. Dr Francis Crick, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for unraveling the genetic code, argued, in his book, Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature (Simon & Schuster, 1981) a highly advanced alien civilization that had developed billions of years ago had launched a rocket that struck the Earth, containing primitive spores , and this is how life on our planet began.
Be it directed panspermia as suggested by Dr. Crick, or the theory of evolutionary metamorphosispresented by Dr. Joseph, this does not mean that creatures identical to humans have or will necessarily “evolve” on every suitable, genetically engineered world. The five Kingdoms of Life which have taken root on Earth provide only a partial sample of life and its many manifold possibilities, as it may exist, take form, evolve, and struggle for existence elsewhere in the cosmos.
The Search for E.T. relies almost exclusively on the analysis of radio broadcasts. These radio signals are analyzed, for example, by the Megachannel Extra-Terrestrial Assay (META) program. In 2002, Backus and Tarter of SETI believed they’d picked up 11 radio signals, out of 60 trillion, which could not be explained by non-living sources or from Earth. Basing their search and analysis on what they know of human behavior and human technology, SETI decided these 11 signals were probably alien broadcasts. They had all the signatures scientists expect of a human radio transmitter, a frequency that could be transmitted across interstellar space and a very small bandwidth. SETI had discovered humans on another planet? NOPE. Not unless the aliens were playing hide the sausage, because one day it was there, and the next, it was gone. According to the late Carl Sagan these radio signals should be continuous.
All these assumptions are based on a human-centric POV. Sagan, NASA, SETI, all assume aliens behave like humans, think like humans, act like humans, communicate the say way. Problem is, they complain, the universe is getting in the way of finding our brothers and sisters on distant worlds. Interstellar gas clouds and atmospheric turbulence, and a host of other difficulties are believed to be the culprit, when in fact, the problem appears to be with the assumptions of the searchers. Aliens may not be anything like the humans of Earth.
As is apparent from an examination of the genomes of most species, the vast majority of their DNA is silent, the information they contain, unknown. This silent DNA may well have been expressed on other planets giving rise to innumerable species that might never be able to survive on this planet.
It is conceivable that various corners of the cosmos may be populated by non-cellular or non-DNA or non-carbon derived entities, some of which may also be highly evolved yet in ways that defy human (DNA-based) comprehension. This may be particularly true of life in distant galaxies; that is, those whose chemistry is radically different from our own.
Nevertheless, because the five kingdoms of Earthly life all contain DNA and consist of cellular components, we can make certain predictions about the characteristics of at least some extraterrestrial creatures.
We can predict that some alien life forms, like Earth based creatures, consist of living cells, which contain DNA. These cells would probably require water and have acquired electrical-chemical, generative powers for active transport of food, waste, and the transmission and reception of important messages. Some exobiological organisms would have evolved five or more senses and a brain that could process that information.
As on Earth, it is likely that some extraterrestrials possess the same “universal” genetic code and similar genetic memories, instructions, or potential within their DNA. Provided a variable Earth-like environment that was susceptible to genetic engineering, we could predict that on certain worlds, over time, a somewhat similar step wise sequence of increasing intelligence, complexity and diversity would take place involving numerous extinctions and recoveries.
Specifically, bacteria and simple microbes, plants and insects, and animals reminiscent of reptiles, repto-mammals, therapsids, mammals, primates, and human-like creatures might likely blossom and unfold; which does not mean to say they would look like their Earthly counterparts.
We can also predict that those aliens who are related to the Animal Kingdom of Life would be intelligent, and have brains comprised of nerve cells and DNA. With the exception of the sponge, all members of the Animal Kingdom of Life, be they vertebrate or invertebrate have specialized nerve cells and neurons that possess greatly enhanced information processing and intellectual capabilities, as compared to other cells.
Earth based vertebrate and invertebrate brain organization is basically identical at the neuronal level, e.g. possessing cell bodies, dendrites, axons, chemical neurotransmitters and peptides. Hence, those aliens belonging to the Animal Kingdom of Life would also have evolved brains which may differ from their counterparts on Earth depending on the species, and the age, size and climate of the planet in question.
Animal life on some planets would likely undergo the same definite sequence in cerebral structural and hierarchical organization and expansion, as is apparent in the progression from fish to primate brain; a process referred to as encephalization. This would include alien brains organized in a fish-like, reptilian, mammalian, or in a primate and thus, human-like fashion. And, in regard to human-like species, they would have likely evolved similar praxic, creative, technological and linguistic capabilities.
Hence, some aliens might posses a midbrain, and brainstem, which would control attention, movement, and sound and visual perception. Their brain would likely include an olfactory forebrain and limbic system which would mediate all aspects of sex, socialization, love, aggression, memory and emotion, including hunger and thirst. And among the advanced species, they would have evolved a six or seven layered neocortex that would overlay and shroud the older portions of the brain and subserve language and thought and thus the rational mind.
As humans have a propensity for exploration, curiosity and the seeking of knowledge, it could be assumed that those aliens who have reached a similar or advanced level of neurological development would, like Earthlings, share similar social- emotional, and intellectual inclinations, including curiosity, jealously, and pride. Regardless of differences in physical appearance, some advanced alien species -at least those who have evolved from mammal-like creatures- would likely behave, feel, and think in a manner grossly similar to human earthlings.
For example, like humans, it might be expected that some aliens would thirst for knowledge, or revel in games, sports, competition, conquest, exploitative acquisition, and the glory of rape and slaughter of war. Like modern humans, some aliens would be conquering, enslaving, predatory killers, with little or no compassion for the vanquished. Some aliens might be expected to behave in an irrational and destructive manner, whereas yet others would be seekers of knowledge, wisdom, and spiritual growth.
However, on some worlds, highly intelligent species, with an intellect comparable or far superior to humans, may have “evolved” from mammals other than primates, such as wolves and canines, or even insects or plants. Indeed, there may be “dog stars” where upright Canis sapiens sapiens stare into space wondering if they are alone; and planets blooming and buzzing with highly evolved intelligent vegetable and insect life.
On some ancient worlds, mammals may never have evolved, such that the metamorphosis of increasingly intelligent life arose from a completely different branch of the forest of life. The direct line leading to hominids may have been killed off due, perhaps, to that planet’s unique environment, climate, atmosphere, gravity, and distance from the sun, and/or because the planet passed through a viral cloud of contagion or was struck by massive debris which chopped off the branch that would lead to primates just before that branch began to bloom.
THE FUTURE OF EVOLUTION ON EARTH
Yet another possibility speaks to the future of advanced life on Earth which may not include humans. The nature of life, is death, over 99% of all species have become extinct. If the history of the Earth were a clock, fully modern humans have been on this planet for 15 seconds. Species come and go, but not so their genes. Most genes can be traced back to ancestral species which may have served as DNA-hosts, incubating these genes, saving them for transfer and eventual activation. Many of these ancestral genes had not been activated in ancestral hosts. Others underwent only minor modification and were expressed, such as the FOXP2 gene complex which contributes to human speech but exists in the reptile genome. Other strands of DNA underwent single gene or whole genome duplication, freeing them from inhibitory restraint; and once expressed they gave rise to new species. For further details see The Evolution of Life From Other Planets.
This raises the possibility that humans may also served as a DNA-host organism, incubating these genes (metamorphorically speaking) which may be passed on vertically or horizontally to other species including subsequent species that will evolve in the distant future.
Horizontal gene transfer is common. Humans and numerous species, including insects already share many of the same core genetic machinery.
Thus, when or if humans become extinct, these genes, including those which contribute to “human intelligence” or code for features which are “distinctly human” may become part of the genome of future non-human species which then continue to “evolve.”
Moreover, as most of the human genome is silent, coding for functions which are as yet unknown, “silent” genes coding for unknown traits may also be expressed in a future species, much in the same way that FOXP2, which can be found in the fish genome, underwent slight modification and contributed to human speech.
Who or what might be the beneficiaries of the human gene pool if humans cease to exist?
In addition to bacteria, insects are among those most likely to survive if humans destroy themselves in nuclear fires.
Entering the realm of pure speculation, it may be that future species which could be classified as “insects” may continue to evolve and may come to possess not just “human” genes, but some of the characteristics which made humans “distinctly human,” such as human intelligence, creativity, and so on, e.g., 6 foot tall “cockroaches” gazing into the heavens a billion years from now, pondering the nature of existence….
EVOLUTION IN THE ANCIENT CORNERS OF THE COSMOS
It is possible that those galaxies which are the most distant from our own, may harbor life forms dramatically different from our own. However, we can also predict that intelligent human-like beings may well be found on numerous planets and galaxies, particularly those worlds within our own Milky Way Galaxy which likely consists of a hundred billion suns and solar planets. That is, it might be expected that those solar systems which are closest to our own (vs those much further away) were likely contaminated and infected with genetic seeds similar to those, which on Earth, gave rise to humans and other members of the Animal Kingdom of Life.
Again, given that metamorphosis on this planet has been characterized by an obvious step-wise, leaping linear process of increasing intelligence, complexity and brain power, it could therefore be predicted that a similar process has occurred on those life bearing worlds similar to our own. However, as a progressive increase in intelligence and complexity is characteristic of life on this planet, and as up to 90% of the human genome is silent and has yet to be expressed (that is, on Earth), it can be predicted that aliens evolving in the older regions of the cosmos would probably have continued to evolve and undergo metamorphosis. These ancient ones may have long ago acquired new brain tissues and new layers of neocortex, and might be capable of processing sensory information which human brains may fail to even perceive much less comprehend.
For example, whereas humans have 6/7 layers of neocortex, those who live in the older regions of the cosmos may have developed 8 or 10, or 12 layers which may be thicker and contain more neurons than their Earthly counterparts. And they may have experienced expansions in those areas of the brain, such as the frontal lobes, which are associated with foresight, judgment, planning skills, and the ability to form long term goals and anticipate multiple long term consequence. These individuals would be correspondingly much more intelligent and creative than any Earthling. If that were the case, they may be able to perceive, deduce, discover, analyze, and assimilate juxtapositions and interrelationships that would be completely beyond human conception and comprehension.
Consider, the Cro-Magnon people of the Upper Paleolithic had a brain that was 30% larger than modern humans (Joseph, 2000a). And they sported an enlarged frontal lobe. Moreover, of the 3% of human DNA that is coded and expressed, about 50% of that is devoted to the human brain. This suggests that maybe as much as 30-40% of non-coding human DNA may be related to the functioning of the brain; silent DNA that could be activated in the future, and a small portion of which may have been activated during the Upper Paleolithic.
Consider, as a further thought experiments, the future of human evolution on this planet. If science marches on, and given advances in genetic engineering, the creation of designer babies, designer babies designing their own superior babies, future humans which genetically engineer their own brains and bodies… and imagine the nature of human life 1000 years from now. What of humans a million years from now? Or a hundred million? Or a billion? From the perspective of modern humans, these evolutionary advanced humans might seem as gods, even if they were still humans. And modern humans might seem like reptiles in comparison.
Then what of those planets which shine in the darkness of night which were formed billions of years before the Earth became a twinkle in god’s eye. If life evolved on these ancient worlds, what might they be capable of as compared to the humans of Earth?
Nevertheless, some advanced aliens who’ve evolved or genetically engineered additional layers of neocortex and expansions of the lobes of the brain, might still be subject to the same irrational forces that give rise to excitement, anger, envy, status seeking, violence, sexuality, and the desire to make love or war. Yet others may well have learned to manipulate their own genetic potential in order to eliminate destructive traits.
In addition, like social insects, on some ancient alien worlds the male line may have become more subservient to the less destructive and more orderly, docile and socially cooperative female of the species. Consider, for example, that the tiny Y (male) sex chromosome is gene poor whereas the X (female) chromosome is gene rich. Might the male gene depletion continue into the future? Would such worlds be less war-like but more nurturing and compassionate, and ruled by fascist matriarchs, and those more interested in high fashion, romance, darling little shoes, the sharing of feelings, cooperation, community, and social consensus rather than conquest and war?
LIFE IS EVERYWHERE
The “seeds of life” flow throughout the cosmos, and have probably rained down on innumerable worlds, including those much older than our own.
We can only speculate about the evolution of “highly advanced” “more intelligent” alien-life forms; Mermen and mermaids splashing beneath the waves, deep within the oceans of Europa; methane-breathing blobs swirling among the clouds of Jupiter…insects with gaze into the abyss and wonder: “Are we alone?”
but one need look no further than the Earth to deduce the nature of most extra-terrestrial life. Much of the biomass of this planet, and thus probably every “habitable” planet in this galaxy, are dominated by archae and bacteria.
Yes, the universe is probably crawling with microbes.
In Search of Dark Asteroid
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 12, 2009
- In: Astronomy| space
- 3 Comments
Ninjas knew how to be stealthy: Be dark. Emit very little light. Move in the shadows between bright places.
In modern warfare, though, ninjas would be sitting ducks. Their black clothes may be hard to see at night with the naked eye, but their warm bodies would be clearly visible to a soldier wearing infrared goggles. 
To hunt for the “ninjas” of the cosmos — dim objects that lurk in the vast dark spaces between planets and stars — scientists are building by far the most sensitive set of wide-angle infrared goggles ever, a space telescope called the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE.
WISE will scan the entire sky at infrared wavelengths, creating the most comprehensive catalog yet of dark and dim objects in the cosmos: vast dust clouds, brown dwarf stars, asteroids — even large, nearby asteroids that might pose a threat to Earth.
Surveys of nearby asteroids based on visible-light telescopes could be skewed toward asteroids with more-reflective surfaces. “If there’s a significant population of asteroids nearby that are very dark, they will have been missed by these previous surveys,” says Edward Wright, principal investigator for the mission and a physicist at UCLA.
The full-sky infrared map produced by WISE will reveal even these darker asteroids, mapping the locations and sizes of roughly 200,000 asteroids and giving scientists a clearer idea of how many large and potentially dangerous asteroids are nearby. WISE will also help answer questions about the formation of stars and the evolution and structure of galaxies, including our own Milky Way galaxy.
And the discoveries won’t likely stop there.
“When you look at the sky with new sensitivity and a new wavelength band, like WISE is going to do, you’re going to find new things that you didn’t know were out there,” Wright says.
Stars emit visible light in part because they’re so hot. But cooler objects like asteroids emit light too, just at longer, infrared wavelengths that are invisible to the unaided eye. In fact, any object warmer than absolute zero will emit at least some infrared light.
Unfortunately, this fact makes building an infrared telescope rather difficult. Without a coolant, the telescope itself would glow in infrared light just like as other warm objects do. It would be like building a normal, visible-light telescope out of Times Square billboard lights: The telescope would be blinded by its own glow.
To solve this problem, WISE will cool its components to about 15 degrees Celsius above absolute zero (minus 258 degrees Celsius, or minus 433 degrees Fahrenheit) using a block of solid hydrogen. Mission scientists chose solid hydrogen over liquid helium, which is often used in research for cooling materials to near absolute zero, because a smaller volume of solid hydrogen can do the job. “The cooling power is much higher for hydrogen than for helium,” Wright explains. When launching a telescope into space, being smaller and lighter saves money.
Previous space telescopes such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite have mapped the sky at infrared wavelengths before, but WISE will be hundreds of times more sensitive. While other missions could only see diffuse sources of infrared light such as large dust clouds, WISE will be able to see asteroids and other point sources.
After it launches into orbit as early as this December, WISE will spend six months mapping the sky, during which it will download its data to ground stations four times each day. Analyzing that data should give scientists some new insights into the cosmos.
For example, one theory posits that most of the stars in the universe were formed in the press of colliding galaxies. When galaxies collide, interstellar clouds of gas and dust smash together, compressing the clouds and starting a self-perpetuating cycle of gravitational collapse. The result is a flurry of star birth. Newborn stars are usually concealed by the dusty clouds in which they are born. Ordinary light cannot escape, but infrared light can.
WISE will be able to detect infrared emissions from the most active star-forming regions. This will help scientists know how rapidly stars are formed during galactic collisions, which could indicate how many of the universe’s stars were formed this way.
WISE will also target dim “failed stars” called brown dwarfs that outnumber ordinary stars by a wide margin. Mapping brown dwarfs in the Milky Way may reveal much about the structure and evolution of our own galaxy.
And this could be just the beginning of the discoveries scientists make once WISE puts the spotlight on stealthy denizens of the dark.
Mechanical Junk and Debris on the Sands of Mars
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 11, 2009
Here is another stuff from a source website. Really an interesting stuff..
Richard Hoagland has been talking about this for several weeks. I had to download several of the tif images and go over them to convince myself of it. Hoagland has come up with things in the past which I couldn’t find or see, nonetheless this one is real.
Individual Items from PIA04995
Tongue-in-groove mechanism of some sort (partial remains of); red component of image shows object most clearly:
Structural block:
Mechanical housing of some sort, left side is perfect rectangle, front is mechanism of some sort:
Piston-like object:
Bell/cup-like object and corrugated (icecube tray-like) object:
Footprints above two objects in lower right:
Crown-like piece (obviously not a rock)
More pieces, another corrugated object (bottom center), other machine parts.
Individual Items from PIA05314
The tif images in question can be found by doing google searchs on ‘PIA04995′ and/or PIA05314.
One such version lives at:
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04995
Russians theorize that image comes from western Uzbekistan:
The images are usually available in triplets, a large and small jpeg, and a much larger tif image. Jpeg is highly compressed and lossy and does not retain any detail information which you’d have to zoom in to see. To see the stuff in question you have to download the large tif images and view them in software which allows zooming.
Here’s what I see in PIA04995: First off, 99% of the image is an empty desert plain stretching to the horizen with rocks strewn all over it as if the universe’s biggest rock fight had taken place there. Basically it looks like the scene of a rock fight in the Gobi desert.
Now, a rock has to come from some place, and that is usually a mountain or some sort of a bigger rock. Nonetheless the mountain or bigger rock is conspicuously missing in the image. Granted catastrophes happen, but for something to break an entire mountain up into rocks in such a way as to leave no trace of the mountain is more than a little bit unusual. You’d need a hydrogen bomb. BUILDINGS, on the other hand, would be considerably easier to break up into rocks without leaving a trace of the buildings. Just a thought; I mention it because a number of the rocks in the other one percent (that is, aside from the 99% which appear to be rocks) appear to be building blocks of one sort or other; too many straight lines and rectangular corners.
And then, also in the image, are about a baker’s dozen items which do not appear to be rocks at all but rather remains of machinery and other artificial things. I’ve included snapshots of several of the more obvious items in the web page cited above. I would say without hesitation that there was no chance of any of the objects in question being natural formations or anything like that.
And then finally, over in the lower right corner of the image just a bit above the two items which resemble a bell housing and an icecube tray, there are what appear to be two or three human (booted) footprints, and these are clear and striking.
Now, I can see three possible explanations here.
One is that the image is altogether faked and was taken in New Mexico or Arizona somewhere, and that strikes me as terribly far-fetched. Nonetheless given the difficulty of getting a human to Mars at this point in time, you have to view that as one possibility.
A second possibility would be that the things which appear to be (fairly fresh, and not 50,000 year old) footprints are actually something else, and I and others are simply having a difficult time coming up with thoughts as to what kinds of things might resemble footprints. In other words, a failure of the imagination.
The third possibility would be that some astronaut or other NASA or JPL employee who had been diagnosed with cancer or something like that had asked for and gotten a one-way ticket up there, and was out investigating the area where the two artificial items in question are located.
The scenario which would be halfway imaginable would have some astronaut on a one-way trip up there a couple of years back radioing in the coordinates of an area he found interesting, and then the Spirit probe being put down on those coordinates and NASA employees releasing a wide-angle image which they hadn’t bothered to zoom and look at closely.
I’m not having an easy time coming up with a fourth possibility.
NASA owes the world an explanation here.
Venus: Astronomers’ Worst Nightmare
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 11, 2009
A big-picture view of current knowledge of the planet Venus, once thought to be a sister planet of Earth, includes the following facts:
- A surface temperature of 900 – 1000 degrees F. and the pitiful spectacle of scientists trying to explain that by a greenhouse theory.
- A planetary surface so new as to require scientists to devise a “global resurfacing event” to explain it.
- The planet out of thermal balance according to all direct observations.
- The reverse spin of Venus which cannot be primordial, and must have been caused by interaction with another planet.
- The phase lock with Earth, indicating which planet that was.
- Entirely similar myths and legends around the world describing a world-destroying catastrophe with Venus as causal agent.
- Accurate records on different continents showing not only cycle times for Venus which are different from those of the present, but the SAME different times, from a date at which no known contact between the peoples involved existed.
Venus Data: Why is raw data involving Venus being falsified at every level?
Thermal balance on Venus: A reply to the Venus-Young article on the Ediacara WWW page.
Venus Cycle Times: Changes in the cycle times of Venus within recorded history, by Ev cochrane
Babylonian writings indicate that Venus used to appear on the zenith of the night sky. That cannot happen in our present age.
Gunnar Heinsohn on the Sagan “Super Greenhouse” Theory:
If the Venus gases enable a runaway greenhouse effect of 800 degrees F wouldn’t that allow us to solve all our energy problems, i.e., wouldn’t that give us a perpetuum mobile? Shouldn’t we put a Venus gas mix in a glass box, expose it to the sun and, then, reach a temperature sufficient to heat steam up to the level of driving turbines? Wouldn’t we even have an advantage over Venus which, after all, cannot put a glass lid on its atmosphere?
David H. Grinspoon, in Venus Revealed notes that the planet is basically a sea of lava flow and what he terms a “Volcano World”.
Studies of the planet’s atmosphere beginning in the late seventies of this century noted a steep fall in atmospheric sulphur dioxide indicating a major spurt of volcanic activity just prior to that time. Grinspoon’s descriptions should make anybody wonder how scientists could go on trying to claim that the 900 F. surface temperatures on Venus could be the result of a Sagan greenhouse effect, since such a claim obviously implies that all of those volcanoes have nothing to do with it.
Critics of the Velikovskian interpretation of these facts, acknowledging now that all raw data supports Velikovsky’s claim that Venus is cooling and therefore should be out of thermal balance, are reduced to the claim thatthe planetary surface somehow would not allow heat to escape in the queantities required by the observations. The problem: they are using estimates of the planet’s surface thickness derived from gravity measurements, which are totally unreliable. Real seismic measurements of the surface thickness have yet to be done.
THE CANALS OF MARS
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 10, 2009
- In: Review
- 2 Comments
THE CANALS OF MARS
For the first billion years after it was formed, Mars, may have been covered by a thick blanket of carbon dioxide, which created a greenhouse effect that warmed the planet. Likewise, during this period Mars may have been covered with oceans, lakes and streams. And then, around 4 billion years ago, Mars was struck a mighty blow.
Martian River Channels and tributaries
When telescopes began to spy on Mars, scientists believed they might be looking at artifiically created canals fashioned by engineers. The illussion of water ways were first observed by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli during the opposition of 1877, and confirmed by later observers. Schiaparelli called these canali, which was translated into English as “canals.”
Schiaparelli’s drawings of Martian canali
Changes in the coloration of Mars made many wonder if vegatation was growing then retreating according to the seasons. Others wondered if there were a link between these changing colorations and the canals.
Schiaparelli’s drawings of Martian canali
Percival Lowell read about Schiaparelli’s canali. Lowell also knew there was speculation about Martian vegetation, and he became fascinated by the possibility of life on Mars. Lowell was a wealthy businessman, and although he had no formal training in astronomy he had the funds to build an observatory, and did so on a moutain near Flagstaff, Arizona, the Lowell Observatory. Lowell devoted the rest of his life to studying Mars and drew very detailed maps of his observations.
PLowell was convinced that Mars was a dying world whose inhabitants built a planet wide system of canals to transport water from the polar icecaps to the warmer equatorial regions where advance civilizations had erected great cities. Although many scientists disputed his conclusions, Lowell’s ideas captured the public imagination.
Alfred Russel Wallace was a well known scientist whose theories of “natural selection” had been plagierized by Darwin. Wallace disputed Lowell’s claims in a scientiific treatise he published in 1907, Is Mars Habitable? Wallace analysed all available data and demonstrated that the surface of Mars was much colder than Lowell had estimated. Further, the atmospheric pressure was too low for liquid water to exist on the surface. Wallace also reported that efforts to find evidence of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere with spectroscopic analysis had failed. He concluded that complex life on Mars was impossible, let alone the planet -wide irrigation system championed by Lowell.
Wallace’s analysis proved correct. In 1965, Mariner 4 took the first close up pictures of Mars revealing numerous impact craters and a generally barren landscape devoid of any semblance of canals. However, the planet was not without water.
WATER DISCOVERED ON MARS
Photographs taken by Mariner 9 provided considerable evidence that water had flowed across the surface of the Red Planet. Moreover, the polar ice caps were growing and shrinking accrding ot the seasons, suggesting they contained frozen seas. Clouds were spied drifting across the Martians skies; clouds that might contain water.
It has long been believed that the planet’s polar caps contain frozen water. Astonomers have suspected as much since the 1800s. This has since been confirmed based on direct and indirect methods such as analysis of temperature data or the detection of traces of hydrogen. In 2001, NASA’s Mars Odyssey spacecraft discovered vast amounts of frozen water in the northern and southern latitudes, and lots of ice mixed with the soil.
In 2004 Europe’s Mars orbiter also found water ice on the Red Planet’s surface. The discovery was based on analysis of vapors of water molecules detected by the infrared camera aboard the Mars Express spacecraft which was circling the Red Planet’s south pole.
Orbiting spacecraft have also photographed what appear to be dry lake beds and sinuous channels, ancient coastlines and other landscapes that could have been shaped by oceans of running water and the meandering flow of rivers.
Frozen lakes of water discovered by The European Space Agency Mars orbiter
In 2006, NASA sent twin rovers to opposite sides of Mars. The Spirit, rover set down in Gusev Crater a four-billion-year-old crater the size of Connecticut which is littered with rocks of all sizes. A channel cuts through the crater. Long ago this channel may have been a river which dumped water and sediments into what could have been a lake formed by Gusav Crater.
The Opportunity rover landed at Meridiani Planum, which is flat, almost featureless, and blanketed with a fine-grained red soil and dark pebbles. Meridiani Planum also contains gray hematite, an iron oxide mineral that is typically, formed in the presence of water.
The Opportunity overshot its target, landing in a shallow 72-foot-wide crater near an outcrop of finely layered bedrock 25 feet away. Measuments of thermal emissions identified an iron oxide on the surface of the bedrock. On Earth iron oxide typically forms in the presence of water.
Meridiani Planum outcrop rocks on the margins of “Erebus Crater” displaying well-preserved, fine-scale layering cross-laminations and ripples normally created by water.
Examing the rock with a magnifying glass the Opportunity identified structures known as “festoons.” These geometric patterns imply the presence of small, sinuous sand ripples that form only in water on Earth. Festoons form when water flows over the surface depositing grains and tiny rocks in ripple formations. The rock outcrop had obviously been soaked in running water.Opportunity also found a high concentration of sulfur with its X- ray Moessbauer spectrometer, including a hydrated iron-sulfate mineral called jarosite. The presence of jarosite suggests that the outcrop may have been part of an acidic lake or hot springs. Likewise, the Mars rover, Spirit dug up additional evidence of water, i.e. the residue of sulfur and magnesium in a trench it had dug in the Gusev Crater.
On Earth a microbe known as desulfotomaculum, uses sulfur as its energy source. It can form spores, become dormant, and hibernate depending on changes in the Martian environment. Thus, sulphur eating microbes could well continue to flourish deep beneath the Martian soil.
The Opportunity also discovered an astounding amount of salt within the rocks, which could only be the residue of an ancient salt water lake or sea. Apparently the rocky outcrop and surrounding area was once the shoreline of a salty sea, perhaps surrounded by hot springs.
On Earth, innumerable microbes thrive in salty environments, inlcuding halophiles which are represented in all three primary domains of life — Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea. And not just miucrobes, but animals such as shrimp. That suggests the genes responsible for these traits which make it possible to thrive in salt, appeared in multiple domains of life–and this would be possible if these genes were inherited.
Salt also lowers the freezing temperature of water. The average global temperature on Mars, is minus 63 degrees Fahrenheit (-53 C). Salt water beneath the surface, would not only be warmer, but remain in liquid form even at temperatures below freezing. Further, even as concentration of salt grow larger as the water boiled away, turned to mist or sank beneath the surface, innumerable creatures could flourish within the increasing briny water. Thus, even on modern day Mars, complex life may flourish beneth the surface.
In fact, the current atmosphere of Mars is comparable to the Earth 3.7 million years ago. (M. Lammer et al.,m Martian atmospheric Evolution. In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer, 2002).; a time period during which single celled prokaryote life on Earth had already become well established. In fact, by 3,8 BYA complex eukaryotic life, had left their fossilized photosynthesizing signatures in Earthly rocks.
Microscopic image of HematiteSpheres as seen by the Opportunity rover.
The Opportunity also photographed small round stones, which appear to be hematite, an oxide of iron. Hematite is produced biologically. On earth, hematite is a waste product produced by a common species of bacteria, shewanella. In the absence of oxygen shewanella metabolizes minerals such as iron, and excretes hematite. When exposed to large amounts of water, a spherical ball begins to form and pops out onto the surface after considerable water erosion. However, these round Martian balls were found not only on the crater floor, which may have once been filled with water, but on the soil above the outcrop of the crater. Unless these balls rolled up hills, this indicates a biological source. The only other creatures on Earth which creates similar spherical balls and which lives around large bodies of water, are crabs. Crabs are ancient and can live even at the bottom of the frigid ocean beneath thousands of pounds of pressure. However, they first crawled forth from the sea hundreds of millions of years ago–a time period when oceans may have splashed across the surface of Mars.
Thus it is now apparent that Mars had been a very wet planet, which long ago was criss crossed with oceans, lakes, rivers and streams. And where there is water, there is life.
ANCIENT MARS WAS A WET PLANET
Mars, in fact, at one time in its ancient past, had all the necessities for the evolution and metamorphosis of complex multi-cellular life. This includes water and an atmosphere which may have contained high concentrations of carbon dioxide and some oxygen. The atmospheres of Mars would have provided a heat-trapping greenhouse cover and shield the planet from deadly UV rays.
Like the Earth, Mars was created from the debris and shattered planet that had orbited the parent Star. Both planets underwent a heavy bombardment by meteors, asteroids,and comets, for the first 700 million years after they were first formed.
Thus like the Earth, Mars must have been repeatedly contaminated with alien life embedded in that debris. However, unlike the Earth, Mars is a much smaller target, being only half as wide and with only one-tenth its mass. Thus, the consequences of this bombardment may have been much less destructive–at least until struck by that planet-side body around 4 billion years ago which may have stripped Mars of its atmospheric shield.
Plate tectonics appears to have been absent on Mars, creating a different type of atmospheric chemistry as compared to the Earth which was initially belching forth toxic gasses. Also, being smaller in size, oxygen and other gasses excreted by microbes and photosynthesizing creatures, would have more quickly flooded and made up a greater proportion of the Martian atmosphere, thus creating a life sustaining environment for complex creatures, at a much earlier age than the Earth which was constantly belching forth toxic gasses.
WHAT BECAME OF THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE & MAGNETIC FIELD?
When Mars was young it also had a protective magnetosphere which protected the planet and its atmosphere from the sun’s solar winds. This enabled its biologically produced atmosphere to remain tethered to the planet. The presence of an ancient magnetosphere was confirmed in 1997, when the Mars Global Surveyor, detected surface magnetic anomalies indicting the existence of a strong ancient Martian magnetic field. Scientists determined that the original magnetic field of Mars may have been anywhere from-10% to 100% of modern Earth.
The magnetic field would have made it possible for complex creatures to take root and flourish on Mars. On Earth the magnetic field creates a magnetosphere which protects the planet from the sun’s solar winds which are sufficiently powerful that they can blow away a planet’s atmosphere.
Thus, because Mars had a magnetic field, the sun’s solar winds would have been blocked and its atmosphere would have remained bound to the planet. Being so much smaller than the Earth, Mars would have more quickly developed and maintained a biologically produced atmosphere that would enable even more complex life forms to diversify.
The Earth’s Magnetic Field
Therefore, although life may have gained a foothold on both planets at the same time, Mars may have initially provided a much more inviting environment for life to flourish . Thus, whereas there is evidence of multicellular photosynthesizing life on Earth around 3.8 bya, similar forms of life may have already conquered Mars hundreds of millions of years earlier.
Mars Lost its Magnetic Field
However, the Martian magnetic field disappeared around between 3.9 to 3.7 billion years ago. And then the planet began to die.
MARS STRUCK BY A MOON-SIZED ASTEROID
Mars was repeatedly traumatized by bombardments of meteors, asteroids, and comets during its early history. Like the Earth, Uranus, and Mercury, around 4 billion years ago Mars was also struck by a planet-sized wayward world, possibly by a rogue planet that had been expelled from the solar system of the parent star prior to supernova. It is this cosmic catastrophe, this titanic collision which may have irrevocably altered the planet’s magnetic field and magnetosphere –and with the loss of this protective shield, Mars also lost its oceans and atmosphere and became a cold and desolate world.
This planet-sized body struck at an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees (Nimmo, et al. ) gutting the northern plains of Mars and leaving an elliptical depression 6,600 miles long and 4,000 miles wide (Andrews-Hanna et al. 2008). A catastrophic collision would explain why Mars is lopsided. In fact, the northern plains have a thin crust are two miles lower than the southern highlands, which covers almost two-thirds of the planet.The collision may have been a catastrophe for any complex life forms which had taken root on the planet. It is possibly this impact which nearly eliminated the Martian magnetic field allowing the sun’s solar winds to strip away its atmosphere, taking with it water molecules and thus oceans of water. Because Mars now has an exceedingly week magnetic field, its atmospheres continually bleed away into space. Likewise, when that titanic object or objects struck Mars, some of its oceans may have been vaporized. Other bodies of water would begin to boil off with the loss of its atmosphere which protected the planet from the full force of the sun’s UV rays, like a helmet. Much of the planet’s water began to disappear.
Thus, by 3,5 billion years ago, its magnetic field had almost completely disappeared, the planet was bathed in UV rays, its oceans, lakes, and streams had evaporated, froze, or seeped beneath the ground, and its oxygen and carbon dioxide atmosphere was absorbed into rocks or sucked into space propelled by the sun’s solar winds.
Mars became cold, with whatever water remaining at ground level turning to permafrost or disappearing into the depths of the red planet. The planet became so hostile to complex life, that it would have most likely completely died out.
However, that does not mean that Mars today, is lifeless.
In fact, the current atmosphere of Mars is comparable to the Earth 3.7 million years ago. (M. Lammer et al.,m Martian atmospheric Evolution. In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer, 2002).; a time period during which single celled prokaryote and even more complex eukaryotic life on Earth had already become well established. In fact, by 3,8 BYA complex eukaryotic life, had left their fossilized photosynthesizing signatures in Earthly rocks. This means, complex single celled microbial life may still flourish on the red planet.
Does Complexity Mean Life?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 10, 2009
I have published a lot of stuff which I like. I have ever been open minded especially in extraterrestrial life case scenario. A lot of study through over internet suggests me ( and I have written about too) that just anyhow, if you could make complex compound and then add that complex compound to some liquid compound (say water , liquid ammonia and many others like them), then stop all that you have just create a weird alien life form( it may be either virus) having an unusual biochemistry. At least it seems to me. How simple speculations about life are! Although we have found many organisms that are based on an “alien biochemistry”. Speculations are more than what we have actually found.
Speculations suggests many possible extraterrestrial life case scenarios including water, methane and ammonia. It seems plausible to some extent because all life forms that we have found( including extremophiles) are mainly based on such chemistry. But here is one thing that is mind boggling ,is that if somehow complex entities are formed , would they be ‘alive’? Many suggests it because even simplest life forms too complex. I mainly focus here what actually one need to be ‘alive’?
Very complex compound may have life like property but it is not necessary that very complex compound will certainly are alive. One thing which fascinates me a lot is that what answer we own for dead ? Even dead is very very complex almost equal to alive entities , still it doesn’t seems alive anyhow. I think , perhaps dead entities are almost as complex as alive but dead not alive..
Then what about this conclusion..?
I think life is not just combination of ’our thinking’ . It is more than what anything we know of. It let me to lay down credibility of complex life hypothesis. I don’t find anything which explain this one.
Oh…, perhaps there is one, plasma life forms.
May be possible that embedding such life forms with complex chemical body could make it possible. May be…
MARS OBFUSCATION PERSPECTIVES
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 10, 2009
MARS OBFUSCATION PERSPECTIVES
Report #166
August 4, 2009
Joseph P. Skipper
J. P. Skipper can be contacted at: jskipper@marsanomalyresearch.com
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20080102a.html
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/opportunity/20090109a.html
This report will not be about new Mars evidence exactly but about placing some of the obfuscation of that evidence into a little better perspective, at least at basic levels. We’ll start off with color issues, then move on to black and white versus color issues, and finally wind up with a demonstrated example of how relatively easy it is to obfuscate digital imaging.
The above first and second images are just two basic samples of what is officially presented to us as Mars images approximating true color. Both are sections from Opportunity rover Panorama big mosaic press release images produced a year apart. Note that the first one has an strong orange tint to it as best represented by the background sky color and the second obviously has a strong bluish tint to it as best represented by both the sky and landscape background. Note that I have not done work of any kind in these images and these image sections are just as they are officially presented.
The above links under each image will take you to the official images and a fair amount of narrative that goes along with each. This official text includes the statement that each represents the Mars approximate true color. You should wonder how this can be true considering the very obvious but quite different strong obvious tints permeating and differentiating these two images. Obviously the term “true color” must have a very loose definition at official level.
This is of course about Spirit and Opportunity rover imaging. For any who have followed this work or researched on your own, you will know that what is presented for public consumption and labeled as “raw” rover data is all in black and white and never in color. For the most part, only when these smaller “raw” images are joined together forming larger mosaic images is color applied but not always even then. This is typical of the official press release images such as the two samples you see above.
So there may be a tendency for some to assume that true color raw images aren’t possible except as these false color applications. If so, what some of you might not be aware of is that there are one left and one right panorama cameras and both are fully color capable. In fact, each has a total of 8 useful color filters with 6 being more in the visible spectrum but only 3 red, green and blue filters are absolutely required for the basic colors that our human eyes are the most familiar with perceiving.
Now the human eye/brain both records and processes color images almost instantly. As you might suspect, this is not the way it works in the rover science imaging. For example, to get a basic color view that we might be most familiar with, the rover PanCam must at least take separate red, green and blue filter images and these would later theoretically be combined and processed by special computer software to achieve color results. In theory, the more the filters in the visible light spectrum are combined beyond the basic three, the more subtle, refined and realistic the color view should be.
Now not all human eyes see the same color the same nor do computers or monitors, so any science results are cautiously labeled as “approximating’ true color and as that in turn compares to false applied color. Note the links below for official information on the rover PanCam cameras revealing much of this.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_instru_pancam.html
http://pancam.astro.cornell.edu/pancam_instrument/doc/tb_pancam.pdf
http://pancam.astro.cornell.edu/pancam_instrument/projects_1.html
http://pancam.astro.cornell.edu/pancam_instrument/about.html
The desire science goal is that the use of different filters both alone and in conjunction with each other in various combinations will reveal more than for example just the use of red, green and blue filters combined and alone. So the theory is that the raw black and white data will not require all this time, trouble and expense of processing. That means that the “raw” data that is publicly released to you and I and the world is only in black and white and that should be good enough for us.
The question becomes, is this what all that tax money funding results in? Where are at least the basic red, green and blue filter color images that we should expect to see approximating human sight? Shouldn’t these be the official raw images and classed as such? After all, that data as a color resource is potentially there and available. The last time I looked, most of us see the world in color, not black and white. I don’t know about you but I have no interest in my tax dollars going exclusively just to some scientist who wants to see rocks in just the blue or infrared spectrum to analyze mineral content.
In my opinion, first comes basic color as primary on the publicly released raw data and then other specialized views follow in priority. Remember, the scientists and academics did not pay for these missions nor is the data their property. In fact, NASA, JPL, the scientists, and the academics are directly and/or indirectly employed by the public’s tax dollars and it is what the public as the true owners of the data want that should count here.
This is the basic issue. The public pays the exploration bill and has the right to expect that at least basic color images will be what constitutes the so called basic “raw” data. If a thousand people in the public were lined up and asked this question of which they would expect to see if they had a choice, we all know what the great bulk of the answers would be. So why are we in the public getting black and white imaging? I suspect you know the answer to that too, that is if you will admit it to yourself.
The above third and fourth images are of Earth scenes. In the third image of a portion of the Earth’s Sahara Desert note that the foreground color is a strong orange but the background color is more of a tan and the far background sky is blue, all in the same scene and image. This strongly suggests that the color variety in this scene is true with no overall dominating false tinting and, since it is of course from Earth, there is little reason to question the colors for ulterior motives.
On the other hand, compare it to the very first image in this report of a Mars landscape that is suppose to be true color. In that image the overall orange tint is strong in the terrain but so it is in the sky as well. Do you believe that the strong orange tint is really so strong and universal in both Mars land and sky? I don’t and don’t think you do either, that is if you think about it. Yet the 1st image here is suppose to be a Mars “approximate” true color image. The choice is between your own common sense and the “trust us” because we’re the experts psychology.
As you can see, the above next fourth image is very much like a typical Mars rover scene but it is of an Earth Egyptian quarry and there is even someone in the far distance in the upper right of the image. Except for that person standing out there in the distance, this scene looks so much like a typical Mars rover scene. In fact, it is so much so that I suspect it would have fooled most “experts” if the human figure was removed and the image was passed off as a Mars image. The only difference that really makes this image more identifiable as an Earth image is that everything here is in reasonably sharp detail even out in the far background as compared to the very messy and resolution compromised Mars rover imaging and even though this Earth image is in the .jpeg format and considerably compressed here.
However, there is another telling point to be made here with this fourth Mars look alike image. That point is that despite the look of lonely arid barren wastes in this image so much like Mars, this is an image on Earth. Remember now, this is crowded Earth where there are over 6.7 billion too often wall-to-wall people living on this world that is also covered by 70% water and complete with great massive civilization centers. Also, there are aircraft filling the Earth skies, satellites in plenty orbiting in space around the planet, and along with countless examples of land based biological life too often stressed to the breaking point for living room space in competition with humans. You certainly wouldn’t know it by looking at this image.
So don’t let yourself get drawn in with the psychological tactic of appearing to drop rovers down in Mars arid barren wastes and showing that type of landscape in promoting the concept that an entire world is like this. The bottom line is that this fourth image isn’t remotely representative of Earth and it would likewise be a serious error in judgment to assume the rover images of equally limited defined areas are representative of Mars. The risk is that we are seeing only what others want us to see and exposed to manipulative tactic rather than visual truth. Here are some examples of this below.
The above fifth and sixth images are of the exact same Earth scene in the Simpson Desert. The difference is that the 5th image is in original color and the sixth image of the same scene has been desaturated by me of color into black and white and that is the only change made.
You will note that there is nothing really pronounced in this scene that is suggestive of bio-life (example: tall trees, large bushes, etc.) and in this way it is much like so many of the barren Mars rover images presented to us. However, under these more marginal conditions for bio-life here in this place on Earth, note how the color image is very suggestive of biological life all over it due to the color feedback while this information is almost completely gone and not present in the otherwise identical but desaturated black and white image. Had I also compromised the black and white image resolution (I did not) and passed some blur and/or smudge over a few low bushes that still does have a bit of bio-life suggestiveness to it, the effect would be even more barren looking.
The point I’m making here is that just taking the color out an image reduces the visible information in it often very dramatically. Desaturating an image of color is just a matter of quick click and its over and done. In other words, it is incredibly easy and quick with almost no effort. It should follow that you can perhaps appreciate more why only black and white images are publicly released. In other words, it is easy for a cautious person to become suspicious that the trouble and money saved on color processing isn’t the only reason for limiting public release images to black and white or even any reason at all.
Now we come to the seventh and eighth final images. In the 7th image you see a full scene from Earth in color without any alterations in it by me. In the next 8th image below it you see the same scene still in color but slightly reduced in height and now altered by me. Note that I’m not trying to get a Mars look going here or attempt anything highly detailed or extensive. I’m only demonstrating a few samples of how relatively simple it is to change and/or eliminate visual information in even a nice big detailed color image and without going to any other efforts of compromising it with reduced size, desaturation to black and white, resolution degradation, blur, smudge or other general and common image tampering techniques that could have been used.
The first thing you see very quickly is that I have eliminated the background mountain detail completely and substituted false sky and clouds in its place. If you are counting, that one single elimination type manipulation right away did away with about 65%–70% of the legitimate information in the original image substituting 65%–70% of it with fake and false sky information. Think about it. What if this had been Mars and those had been huge high rise buildings in that background a rover was looking at instead of high rugged mountains? It gives the concept of horizon lines a new meaning doesn’t it.
Yes that’s the most obvious but now on a more subtle level, note that a number of pieces of original evidence are simply gone in the mid and left foreground at the bottom area of the 8th image. Look back and forth between the 7th and 8th images and you’ll see it. I did this rough and crude and yet note how real it looks under the kind of brief examination researchers would be giving this. Remember now that they do not have the before and after comparison ability we do here so there would be no real reason for them to question what they’re looking at.
You can also see that I have changed several clumps of vegetation into admittedly funky looking rock evidence just as samples. About the best you can say of the rock looking evidence is that at least these changed objects don’t look like vegetation any more. However, remember that peculiar or strange looking as a tampering result is perfectly acceptable if the elimination of bio-life perception is the primary goal of the manipulation. It generates only misdirection psychologies and questions like what kind of “rocks” are those rather than what kind of “bushes” are they?
With some more effort, even as a rank amateur at this, I could have changed every vegetation clump out there into rocks and rocky looking terrain that looked very real. Again this was very crudely done by a single individual paying no attention to the finer points of image tampering and yet it still comes off fairly well.
Now I may have developed some graphics skills at analyzing satellite images and clarifying them to bring out details from the mess they are usually in but I have no graphics skills at all in this kind of outright image manipulation. That means I am a rank amateur at it. If I can do this on that basis, what do think skilled learning AI super computers can do at great speed with the right graphics tools and programming?
What one must get in the head is that no one person or many people can do the bulk of this image manipulation. There are just too many images and within the images just too many objects requiring attention. Dealing with such numbers flowing in and getting a sanitized product out on a timely basis as required would take far too many people and too long. Likewise there is no way that such numbers of people could be trusted to keep their mouth shut over time no matter intimidation or loyalty factors.
No, think super computers with immense computational speed being commanded by onboard artificial intelligence (AI) that accepts programming and learns as it goes becoming more and more efficient in the process, assuming of course ongoing programming upgrading and patching by a few support human personnel. First, the scene and everything in it is mapped by graphics software. This may sound very high tech but it is very similar to a copy machine just scanning a document recording every detail in it. Then the AI makes decisions on that map as to what goes and what stays and what gets covered or altered and what doesn’t according to its programming parameters and then the applications are graphically applied and the final “processed” (sanitized) product heads into otherwise legitimate science and academic communities and eventually for public consumption.
Did you catch that point about AI, updates, and learning? Historically the obfuscation and visual conditioning functions have been about altering real scenes. However, what must be remembered is that ongoing patching and high speed learning are also going on here within this secrecy agenda that translates to the AI. That establishes an ever advancing body of knowledge and skill both human and AI based on continued and evolving training, programming, and experience. Logically that growing capability and capacity is not going to be ignored or wasted by those who advocate and advance secrecy agendas and manipulation.
What I’m leading up to is that very soon now we can expect completely fabricated and entirely false scenes to be substituted. Now these scenes will appear very sharp in comparison to the messy obfuscated but otherwise real scenes we’ve historically been getting because they will be graphically created. So they will be touted as great break through’s in visual technology to explain their sharp quality away as compared to the previous messy material. The delay in processing will also be dramatically shortened because that “processing” will no longer exist because it will be a creation process that happens before the mission even left Earth for its target.
We can also expect some titillating suggestive anomalies to be thrown in to give the “new” evidence a better perception of validity. Why that looks like a wheeled track down there and that straight line looks like a partially buried road or wall! Could it be? Now we can see “everything” and in so much better wonderful detail and quickly too. If no one is seriously questioning this or is the wiser at the time this begins, who is to question since the culprits also likely possess the proof to the contrary? To point, any skills that someone like me may possess in discovering and revealing image manipulation and a little truth in past material will be negated and essentially useless.
As I write this, I suspect that just such entirely false digital graphics work is underway, if not already finished, for future missions not yet actually embarked on. It may even begin with the current mission to the Moon but that timing depends on how good it is in the opinion of those who review such material. It is a logical progression of developing technology and easily predictable if one faces the truth objectively. So, if this promotion of fantasy and its attendant chains of ignorance is ever to be challenged and truth to have a chance rise out of the shadowed depths and into public awareness, it must be done now dealing with older more obfuscation mistake prone satellite, lander, and rover science data.
If completely false space exploration visual information is successfully fostered on the public and our more legitimate science and academic communities, we are in deep deep fundamental trouble as to ever trying to turn this around and climb out of this clueless ignorance hole on our own without intervention by others. If we behave in this manner and our current living generations allow this to happen, where is there any redeeming quality in us (as we demonstrate being so susceptible to manipulation) that would motivate anyone to intervene on our behalf? So my advise is don’t put any hope in that.
If this permanent type of ignorance prevails, our future generations, our children and our children’s children on down the line, are really in for it trying to live and survive in a clueless ignorant state so far removed from reality. Remember also another danger. Reality inevitably and always prevails in the end. So when a person, a community, a nation, or a world moves too far away from reality, bad things result as the corrupted human psychological center cannot and will not hold when it must eventually confront the reality.
It is true of us and it is true of the secrecy agenda as well. When the population that the secrecy agenda parasites off of crumbles inward upon itself as it looses its ability to independently strive forward, the parasites go down with it. Remember Rome and all the other great powers that have risen and fallen all down through history without exception. Is this our behavioral human legacy doomed to repeat itself endlessly in different forms until we are no more? Or, can we learn and grow finally breaking this cycle as a people and race? As I have said before, if we do not seize the moment, then the moment will seize us.
Those of you out there within the secrecy agenda, think about it. The parasitic path that you are on will consume itself. Most of you have families with the hope of future generations that you care for. The answer lies in a healthy population not sick with ignorance and going ever more clueless and ill. Break the cycle and come forward out of darkness. Join us.
Joseph P. Skipper, Investigator.
Propulsion Using 4-D Momentum
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 7, 2009
HERE I’ve uploaded pdf file on Propulsion Using 4-D Momentum. You can download it below
YOU MAY LIKE IT
Rodents on Mars..? Life on Mars..?
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 7, 2009
More recently I have some fun reading with THE HEAVY STUFF where Rick Philips has made an interesting post on life on mars. Civilization on Mars have ever been a matter of curiosity and conspiracy as well. Sometimes UFO phenomenon is related to Mars
(true origin of flying saucers). However, I’m conspiracy believer , and after reading all this , it let me believe that more has been covered up than we know of.
CIVILIZATIONS ON MARS
In 1959 a Martian flying disc spacecraft reportedly landed in the wilderness outside of Moscow, in the Soviet Union, where a secret meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was arranged. The conference regarded improving relations with Earth, exchanging knowledge, and securing world and interplanetary peace, yet the Soviet government rejected the terms. This report originated from Sgt. Willard Wannall, formerly of Army Intelligence, who investigated U.F.O.s in Hawaii while in the military in the 1950s, and met with us while we were in the Department of Interplanetary Affairs research agency in the 1970s.
On April 24, 1964, an oval shaped metallic flying object landed in a farm field in Newark Valley in New York State, and two alien beings emerged from the estimated 20 foot long craft. Farmer, Gary Wilcox drove his tractor toward the object clearly visible on a bright sunny day. The farmer kicked the metallic object to make sure it was real. The two occupants were about 4 feet high, and they carried a square tray full of the different vegetables they had collected from his farm. Wilcox reported that when he confronted the beings stealing his crops, they said “don’t be alarmed, we have spoken to people before.” Gary described the voices as being very strange. They wore white, metallic-looking overalls without seams, stitching or pockets. He could not see their hands or feet.
He could not see their other features beneath the full space-suits, which we speculated were protecting these aliens from the Earth’s atmosphere deadly to their race. As Wilcox became inquisitive, one of them stated,
“We are from what you know as the planet Mars. We can only come to Earth every two years,” and left a warning that Earth people should stay out of space.
They said that they were studying the organic materials on Earth because of the rocky structure of Mars, and that they did not fly near our cities because they avoided the air pollution. The beings told Wilcox everything in monotone. He asked if he could go with them and they rejected.
Wilcox gave the beings a bag of fertilizer and exchanged information about it and other subjects, before they entered the craft and took off. Wilcox was investigated by a psychiatrist and the sheriff department, who found him a normal, truthful person with no emotional problems, and they confessed they believed his UFO experience was real.
In February 1972, United Nations diplomat Farida Iskiovet, who investigated UFOs and occupant contacts for the President of the General Assembly, told me and my department agents that she had been contacted by a landed spacecraft from the planet Mars. The reported contact took place in the Mojave Desert, in California, in 1971, and made the “front page” of the major Arizona newspaper the daily Arizona Republic. This story also made the front page of the San Clemente Sun-Post in an article written by Fred Swegles, who covered President Nixon and his staff at the Western Whitehouse.
Farida stated that the alien offered to admit an ambassador to their interplanetary confederation in this solar system, in exchange for an alien ambassador to the General Assembly of the United Nations, in an attempt to re-establish diplomatic relations with Earth and other planets that had been suspended in ancient times due to hostility on Earth. However, the terms of this peace arrangement were not acceptable to the Security Council, and the exchange was rejected in a secret meeting.
Adam Malik, President of the United Nations, was in favor of the treaty and exchange and he was in contact with us on this matter. Iskiovet and Malik were frustrated with U.N. attempts to block this exchange, so they came to us to help try to establish a civilian council to handle affairs between the people on Earth and the Interplanetary Confederation in this solar system.
The corporations and military-government interests that finance and control the U.N. did not accept the alien insistence on:
destroying all weapons
ending all wars
eliminating all polluting fuels, which are all the biggest bank accounts in the world
The most famous astronomers of the early twentieth century, including the great Percival Lovell, stated there were signs of intelligent life on Mars. They reported huge areas of green vegetation that expanded and contracted with the melting of the ice caps and the 4 seasons on Mars. In the 1950s, teachers in public schools in America taught students that the temperature at the Martian equator was about 80 degrees.
The man credited with inventing the radio, Marconi, published data that he believed he had received intelligent radio signals from Mars.
For three decades, several astronomers in different parts of the world reported seeing flashing and moving lights on the surface of Mars, some huge explosions, and other strange unnatural phenomenon. In 1927, the U.S. government carried out a public experiment designed to try to detect intelligent life on Mars, by sending radio transmissions toward that planet and waiting for an answer.
A series of dots and dashes, in Morse code was revealed on a machine, reportedly originating from the direction of Mars, and drawing a human face on a piece of receiving paper in dots and dashes! This drawing in Morse code was displayed in the Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C. In 1976 the famous Viking probe was sent to Mars by NASA, and out of over 2,000 photos reportedly taken of that planet, only a small fraction were shown to the public. Since most of those photos were not released to the news-media, were they trying to hide something?
One photo that was published by the U.S. daily newspapers over a decade later, shows what many researchers believe to be pyramids and a huge face carved into the surface of Mars. We have studied other Mars photos showing what appears to be an ancient ruined city, roads, rectangular buildings, and walls. Skeptics say that shadows may make natural objects appear like a man-made structure, yet all the photos taken from different angles of the sun and the cameras show the exact same objects the same way, ruling out the shadow theory.
The proof that the NASA space program covers up the truth about Mars is all tile serious contradictions in their public data.
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NASA told the public that the Martian atmosphere is less than one percent of that of Earth. Then how could their 50 foot parachute on the rocket they landed on Mars even slow it down? Scientists calculated NASA would need a parachute over a mile wide to slow down the Viking probe in a one percent atmosphere! Their 50 foot parachute would crash like a rock!
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Furthermore, if the Martian atmosphere is only one percent of Earth’s, how can sand dunes similar to our deserts in Arizona be photographed. Impossible! It would take 200 mile-per-hour winds on a planet with air said to be so thin that no winds over 40 miles-per-hour had ever been recorded, and the warm rising air to cause those winds did not even exist on that part of Mars (according to other NASA data).
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NASA also claimed that the temperatures around the Martian polar areas was a minus 90 to 120 degrees, in a region where another NASA statement said the polar ice melts. How can ice melt at minus 90 to 120 degrees below zero? It melts at 32 degrees above zero.
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How can NASA land a probe on Mars that shoots out a flame that burns the soil below it at thousands of degrees with deadly chemicals, then a shovel scoops up that SAME fried poisoned soil and reports “there is no life in it.” What life on Earth could survive in soil blasted at thousands of degrees by poisonous chemicals ? All the loose topsoil of any potential biological value was blown away by the rocket landing.
Fred Steckling, who has some thorough research on Mars, stated that,
“their true findings and most pictures are classified material which to this day have not been shown”
He added that we were told Mars is about half the size of Earth, with a surface gravity of about 40 percent and that the atmospheric pressure is about 7.7. millibars compared to 1,000 on Earth.
We are also told that the Martian temperature ranged from minus 22 below zero (F) to minus 122 degrees. One Viking probe landed about a thousand miles closer to their equator than the other one, yet contradicted logic by reporting the temperature at the equatorial region was colder than up north. He added,
“the amazed scientists discovered a 100 percent mistake during atmospheric measurements. The argon content of the Martian atmosphere was not 30 percent, but only 3 percent. A mistake of the same magnitude was admitted when a much higher water vapor reading was received than thought possible from earth measurements.”
Dr. George Sands, of Mission Control, stated,
“IT IS OBVIOUSLY WETTER THAN WE ANTICIPATED. THERE IS GROUND FOG AT THE LANDING SITE DURING PART OF THE DAY. Thirty microns of water have been found in the atmosphere, enough to not only cause ground fog, but ALSO FROST AND SNOW!”
NASA data, to a meteorologist, problematically proves Mars is much warmer than official reports stated. Ground fog is made by warm moist air moving across cool land or water, and ground fog is a product of temperatures ABOVE 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Water-based clouds like on Earth have been photographed about 15,000 feet over Mars, and such clouds and fog cannot exist in an atmospheric pressure of only 7.7 millibars. Evidence indicates that 32 degrees above zero must exist up to at least 15,000 feet on Mars, which is higher than Haleakala Crater in Hawaii. We all know we can live as we walk through Haleakala. Minus 122 degree temperatures can exist in certain parts of Mars, just like minus127 degrees has been recorded on Earth.
There are also thousands of American scientists, engineers, medical personal, and other specialists secretly living in Martian underground bases and cities, who have either been abducted by UFOs and taken there, or are part of a top secret exchange program with the Pentagon’s MJ-12 agency called ALTERNATIVE THREE. The Pentagon has been secretly trading livestock, minerals, and a labor force to these Zetans on Mars, for a couple of decades at least, for technology that was developed into the Star Wars defense system, lasers, superior metals, computers, medical advancements, etc.
Martians also live on Earth underground at secret cities and bases, like the one below the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean established by Baavians.
Most Martians are 3 to 4 feet tall, yet not all of them are the same size or race.
The underground civilization has no pollution, disease, crime, poverty, political corruption, malnutrition, or warfare, and few of the problems associated with Earth civilization.
It has been described as a technological, intellectual, scientific, computerized paradise, where emotions such as pleasure, sexual ecstasy, and individuality have been eliminated among the locals. Following leaders called Knowers is the norm. Cloning is the main form of reproduction.
However, there is also a spiritual civilization on Mars that is so far advanced that the other civilizations cannot interfere with it. The spiritual civilization has very little involvement with Earth and avoids its internal affairs. This civilization is on a higher 4th dimensional frequency than the other 3D nations on Mars.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN magazine stated,
“the Martian environment is by no means so hostile as to exclude LIFE.”
The sand dunes on Mars photographed by the Orbiter have the SAME height and dune to dune spacing as sand dunes on Earth in Colorado. That is impossible in an atmosphere one percent of Earth’s. Viking 2 revealed the Martian polar caps are frozen water, that snows often, and the atmosphere above the polar areas is saturated with water vapor. NASA stated the North Pole on Mars is now going through its summer, so the ice cap is about as small as it ever gets. How can ice in these below zero temperatures melt like they said it does?
Dr. Martin, who was with Pasadena Viking Control, said the biology instrument on Mars have received positive signs of life in spite of the amazing fact it was at such a blow-torched landing site!
“Analysis of the Martian environment has so far shown that there is carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sufficient amounts of water vapor.”
ARE NOT THESE THE BASIC INGREDIENTS FOR LIFE?
If we would have placed our Viking landers in our Pasadena parking lot and received the SAME chemical and biological readings were, received from Mars, WE WOULD HAVE CALLED IT A DEFINITE “SIGN OF LIFE”. He gave that report at the International Academy of Astronautics. Scientists admit that if all the water trapped below the surface of Mars was released to the surface, it would form an ocean a mile deep covering the entire planet!
Dr. Daniel J. Milton reported that,
“we have photographed the Martian mystery channels (canals). They resemble huge flood channels some 24 miles wide and several hundred miles long, shaped by sudden discharges of water that dwarf the flow of the Amazon River.”
Dr. Milton is a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, commenting in Science Newsfront.
An international AP release stated that photos of Mars’ northern regions reveal mysterious patterns, resembling contour PLOWING on the planet’s red surface. Striped patterns that resemble an aerial photograph of a farmers field after plowing have been studied with no natural explanation. The stripes are too regular to be natural.
In research published by the French archeologist and historian Robbert Charreux, which we have been unable to even order in book stores in the United States (why is it suppressed?), Mars was colonized by extraterrestrials from the Proxima Centauri solar system about 15,000 years ago.
These were tall aliens from a planet about half the size of Earth called Baavi. These expeditions found Mars similar in size to Baavi, with similar atmospheric characteristics. Mars has many canyons and at the bottoms are shrubby trees not more than ten feet high, standing on both sides of small narrow streams. On the banks of these streams is a type of moss which stores infrared heat rays from the sun during the day, and then gradually releases that heat at night.
As a result, when the night temperature on the red Martian plains dips to sixty to one hundred degrees below zero, near the moss at the canyon floors it may be 40 to 50 degrees above zero. The oxygen of the air is largely fixed by the ground under the atmospheric pressure that is really about a tenth of the surface of Earth (at sea level), so there can be a 40 degree difference between air and ground. The bottoms of such canyons have released enough oxygen to support a small humanoid monad Martian with robust vitality. (Even NASA admits huge quantities of oxygen and water are trapped below the Martian ground).
The report added that the mammals on Mars are rodents with thick white fur, comparable to large hares, that feed on roots, larvae, and the eggs of big lizards that live among the low rocks of the canyon walls. In deep hollows, water forms marshes in which crustaceans proliferate. About 12,000 years ago life-sustaining conditions on Mars deteriorated to the point where it became urgent to evacuate most of the inhabitants, who migrated to Earth and landed high in the mountains of Tibet, where the air is thin with little oxygen like it is on Mars.
However, before the exodus the Baavians had hybrid genetic cross-breeding with the short native Martians with the somewhat Oriental features.
This inter-racial mixing took place over many generations over 3,000 years, producing a humanoid hybrid. However, many of the residents of Mars flew to the Moon and Earth (where many primitive ancients mistook them for gods).
Mars once had large oceans, abundant atmosphere, and vegetation according to official NASA research. They just try to cover it up today.
We have much detail on the Baavian civilization on their home planet, in our other publications. The Martians who landed on Earth about 11 to 12 thousand years ago, over hundreds of generations, slowly adopted to lower elevations and Earth’s climate as they gradually migrated to the lowlands over the centuries to seed the Asian races.
Other research states that Mars was involved in nuclear wars when the Orion Empire invaded our solar system in ancient times, devastating the forests, oceans, rivers, and atmosphere on both Mars and Mercury ….. and causing the destruction of the ancient prehistoric Atlantean Empire on Earth. The nuclear devastation in Atlantean times was so great very little trace remains today of that culture. Other reports indicate Mars was also devastated by a catastrophic approach of a comet in ancient times, indicating more than one great cataclysm on Mars (we have scientific evidence of 5 great world cataclysms on Earth in ancient times).
Many Martians chose to colonize the safe inside of their planet deep underground, rather than to flee to Earth. Today an entire civilization of artificial dome-shaped protected underground cities, air-conditioned with controlled climate and connected by tunnels and subways… exist all around Mars. These self-sufficient underground communities grow their own food in artificial food facilities created by their superior technology, mine the interior of the planet, and manufacture space-craft. Mars is reportedly no longer involved in colonizing the Earth or trying to substantially interfere in our affairs like they did in ancient times.
There are also different races living on Mars. These races originate from other solar systems, and are not at the same level of spiritual, technical, or intellectual evolution, disagreeing on interplanetary affairs. One race active on Mars is reportedly from Zeta Reticuli, a small humanoid grey race with large heads, long slender arms, and no lungs (they do not need an atmosphere to breath), and no digestive system as we know the Zetans are biologically somewhat like insects, with thick tough skin adaptable withstanding a harsher atmosphere like on the surface of Mars. There are also androids and robots living on the Martian surface!
The Sirian Interplanetary Empire reportedly claimed Mars before it claimed Earth in Atlantean times, and the ancients called the Sirian constellation the Phoenix Constellation.
The Phoenician Empire in ancient Persia worshipped Sirius, and the Phoenix Project of the Secret Government (Illuminati) using technology Tesla, Einstein, Parsons, and Von Neumann, was named after the Sirian solar system and constellation. Its former directors now trying to expose its secrets claimed that the Sirians gave them their technology of mind-control, time-travel, invisibility, etc.
Our chronology indicates that at one time:
the Sirians controlled Mars
the Pleiadeans controlled Venus
the Orion League controlled the Moon
the Vegan Lyrans controlled the Earth …..
while galactic war devastated Lemuria, Atlantis, and other ancient Earth empires as these races fought for control of the Earth’s natural resources, people, and rulers.
The Sirians evacuated Mars when its atmosphere and surface was devastated by nuclear war and a comet, while the Alcyone Pleiadeans evacuated Venus in the same conflicts Venus Whov. Whatever race lived on Mercury also had to leave its material plane, yet we have yet to discover specifically who lived there before it was hocked out of orbit and spun closer to the sun in a nuclear cataclysm. Of course, Maldek was blown apart into asteroids in these cataclysms.
This scenario is allegedly the reason why the Galactic Confederation, the Solar Police Force, the Ashtar Command, and even the Orion League (Star Wars Evil Empire) will not allow a major nuclear war on Earth anymore. Such a cataclysm would destroy the Orion colony on the Moon (Luna) and the Sirian colony today on Mars. The Illuminati and its 4th Reich (New Berlin Nazis), Asian Communism, and Western nuclear powers do not want such a war for the same reasons. It took too long to recover last times. The Clementine probe that took over a million detailed photos of the Moon in the 1990s took a lot of detailed photos of domes and ruins and artifacts on the Lunar surface that are not available to the public. I have been in close association with Richard Hoagland and his Mars Mission.
Hoagland is the famous scientists who wrote the Monuments of Mars and publicly exposed the Face, pyramids, and other Martian and Lunar ruins on CNN, major newspapers, and national and international magazines. He came to Maui in 1994 when I was only able to say Hi and shake hands. Later I became affiliated with his Mars Mission to expose this huge news. We witnessed color photos of the shattered domes and other artifacts on the Moon blown up to movie theater screen size at the Castle Theater on Maui. They were shocking evidence of some incredible ancient Lunar cataclysms.
Hoagland also sent details of suppressed photos taken by Clementine that further confirm this evidence and a lot more. It also turned out that NASA had been releasing several-generation copies of the key photos instead of the clearest archive originals, and in the archives same key photos were missing completely! Hoagland had demanded access to the NASA archives and was given a lot of run-around until certain NASA researchers sided with him and showed him some hidden evidence. We suggest to you… go to a video store and rent out Arnold’s classic movie Total Recall. This is a mostly TRUE MOVIE about secret Pentagon/ Soviet/ Illuminati activities on Mars. A lot of truth is leaking out as so-called fragmented fiction. Some researchers now think the 39,000 year old Egyptian Sphinx was a Sirian/Martian GODDESS whose breasts were sheered off by invading Christians who condemned goddess worship and defaced the hair and face destroying its feminine features. This information comes from the Phoenix Project scientists and technicians.
Aleister Crowley and his Magic secret societies are allegedly the legacy of Martian Secret Science and Sirian psychic and inter dimensional genetics. There are apparently some thriving underground cities on both the Mars and the Luna where
intergalactic colonists and their associates shuttled up from:
the Phoenix Project
Delta Forces’
Pentagon lunar-circles
New Berlin (underground in Antarctica)
Illuminati
…plan their future survival during prophesized Earth cataclysms..
After reading all this I, here would like to mention this link where this research was mainly done
http://marsanomalyresearch.com/
IMAGE FROM http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/2/n/1830/2N288828221EFFB000P0625L0M4.JPG
UFO Media Matters: The Animals of Mars
I know it sounds crazy but something is wrong on Mars. We have been for centuries finding life on earth in “impossible” environments. Scientist have been astounded at finding life forms on earth that do not depend on oxygen to live, some even use sulfur. But, when it comes to Mars, we think maybe small microbes, very simple organisms, we never consider actual animals life forms. Mars is a harsh environment with hardly any oxygen and frigid cold weather. The surface is bombarded by cosmic rays making the idea of surface life seem impossible. If some type of higher life form survived on Mars from it’s earlier, more hospitable days, would we not find some evidence?
UFO Media Matters: The Animals of Mars
This object below reminds me of a small version of the worm in Dune. In the first shot we see the object just sitting there- nothing more than a curious shape.
But then something happens in the later shot. The curious object seems to have disappeared. It must have somehow been blown away by a Martian dust devil, right?
Then, in the third photo below, we see something that is quite confusing. This strange worm-like object seems to appear on the other side of the rock structure. This, to me, is at least worth investigating. Damn it… isn’t that what science is suppose to be about? Without the mysterious, there is no science. If NASA didn’t even care to explore these anomalies then real scientific curiosity is dead, replaced by politically correct blindness.
Skipper:
“If that evidence isn’t strange enough, look over there on the left side of the image at the evidence object pointed out by the yellow arrow and text. This object suddenly appears there after seven more days and after this object not being there in this spot in the previous Sols 1830, 1833 and 1836. It looks very similar to the strange object that appeared and then disappeared from the left side of the cracked rock. Did this object move the few feet from one place to the other? What is going on here with these “rocks” and this moving object?”
REST IS HERE
UFO Media Matters: The Animals of Mars
GO through the links for more info. I think it is a good reading.
Plasma Craft Sighting: Todays Special
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 5, 2009
Plasma Craft- Orbs – Ball Lightening
Plasma craft are part of pseudoscience. This photo of an alleged plasma craft was taken by Carlos Diaz in 1994, near his home in Tepetzlan, Mexico. Carlos claims to have had contacts with this race of “ETs” for over 17 years. Carlos has never been told what they are called or where they are from, but on his contact trips he goes aboard the craft and they take him inside the Earth. Here he claims to see great “Halls of Remembrance” filled with flora, fauna, music and samples of all life forms on the surface. These will be used to repopulate the world if, as they fear, Mankind destroys the surface of the planet. This is old theory of good aliens, bad aliens, humans needing to clean up their act or else! Forget it and move to science.
The sighting of plasma craft most likely has a scientitifc explantion that goes to ball lightning and plasma physics an interesting topic.
4.4-Million-Year-Old Female Skeleton Could Be Direct Human Ancestor
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 5, 2009
A million years older than “Lucy” Australopithecus afarensis skeleton found in 1974.
“This is not an ordinary fossil. It’s not a chimp. It’s not a human.
It shows us what we used to be.” - Tim White, Ph.D., Lead Scientist,
Univ. of California-Berkeley
Ardipithecus ramidus female lived in Ethiopia
4.4 million years ago. Bones were discovered in an Ethiopian
desert along with at least 35 other members of the species in 1992.
Called “Ardi,” she was about 4 feet tall, weighed 110 pounds, lived in trees,
but walked upright on the ground carrying food in her long arms. Thus,
Ardi is a hybrid, a transitional hominid, that could be a direct ancestor
in an evolutionary line that became Homo sapiens.
Illustration by J. H. Matternes, Science.
Mystery Airships
Posted by: bruceleeeowe on: October 5, 2009
Mystery Airships
The Mystery Airships were a class of unidentified flying objects, the best-known series of which were reported in newspapers in western states of the U.S., starting in 1896 and continuing into 1897.
The reported ships were usually said to be a type of dirigible, and were usually differentiated from gliders or hot air balloons. The best-known wave of airship tales were largely confined to North America, but according to Jerome Clark, similar reports were made worldwide, early as the 1880s, and late as the 1990s.
1896-1897
The best-known of the Mystery Airship waves began in California in 1896. Afterwards, reports and accounts of similar airships came from others areas, generally moving east. There were a number of mystery airship reports from the U.S. east coast in 1887.
Some accounts during this wave of airship reports claim that occupants were visible on some airships, and encounters with the pilots were reported as well. These occupants were said to be human, though their behaviour, mannerisms and clothing were sometimes reported to be unusual. One witness from Arkansas– allegedly a former state senator Harris — was supposedly told by an airship pilot (during the tensions leading up the Spanish American War) that the craft was bound for Cuba, to use its “Hotchkiss gun” to “kill Spaniards”. (Jacobs, 10)
In one account from Texas, three men reported an encounter with an airship and with “five peculiarly dressed men” who reported that they were descendant from the lost tribes of Israel; they had learned English from the 1553 north pole expedition led by Hugh Willoughby.
Case Histories
At least two airship tales were taken as at least possibly genuine by generations of later ufologists:
- An account by Alexander Hamilton of Leroy, Kansas supposedly occurred about April 19, 1897, and was published in the Yates Center Farmer¹s Advocate of April 23. Hamilton, his son, and a tenant witnessed an airship hovering over his cattle pen. Upon closer examination, the witnesses realized that a red ³cable² from the airship had lassoed a heifer, but had also become entangled in the pen¹s fence. After trying unsuccessfully to free the heifer, Hamilton cut lose a portion of the fence, then “stood in amazement to see the ship, cow and all rise slowly and sail off.” (Jacobs, 15) Some have suggested this was the earliest report of cattle mutilation (In 1982, however, UFO researcher Jerome Clark debunked this story, and confirmed via interviews and Hamilton’s own affidavit that the story was a successful attempt to win a Liar’s Club competition to create the most outlandish tall tale).
- An account from Aurora, Texas (as related in the Dallas Morning News) reported that an airship had smashed into a windmill– later determined to be a “sump pump” — belonging to a Judge Proctor, then crashed. The occupant was dead and mangled, but the story reported that presumed pilot was clearly “not an inhabitant of this world.” Strange “hieroglyphic” figures were seen on the wreckage, which resembled “a mixture of aluminum and silver … it must have weighed several tons.²”(In the 20th Century, unusual metallic material recovered from the presumed crash site was shown to contain a percentage of aluminum and iron admixed.) The story ended by noting that the pilot was given a “Christian burial” in the town cemetery. In 1973, MUFON investigators discovered the alleged stone marker used in this burial. Their metal detectors indicated a quantity of foreign material might remain buried there. However, they were not permitted to exhume, and when they returned several years later, the headstone — and whatever metallic material had lay beneath it — was gone.
- In April, 1897, hoaxers manufactured a large ³tissue paper² balloon and set it loose over Burlington, Iowa. The Des Moines Leader received reports from citizens who swore the balloon had ³red and green lights; one reputable citizen swore he heard voices.² (Jacobs, 16)
There was a series of mystery aiship sightings in 1909. Some came from various European locations[4], some from New England and from New Zealand. (Clark 2000, 123)
Later reports came from the Uk in 1912 and 1913
Later Research
Jerome Clark writes that “One curious feature of the post 1887 airship waves was the failure of each to stick in historical memory. Although 1909, for example, brought a flood of sightings worldwide and attendant discussion and speculation, contemporary accounts do not allude to the hugely publicized events of little more than a decade earlier.” (Clark 2000, 123) Clark writes that attempts to “uncover the truth about the late-nineteenth-century airship scare comes up against some unhappy realities: newspaper coverage was unreliable; no independent investigators (‘airshipologists’) spoke directly with alleged witnesses or attempted to verify or debunk their testimony; and, with a single unsatisfactory exception, no eyewitness was ever interviewed even in the 1950¹s, when some were presumably still living.”(Clark 1998, 37)
The “single unsatisfactory example” Clark cites is a former San Francisco Chronicle employee interviewed via telephone by Edward J. Ruppelt in 1952. Ruppelt wrote that the man “had been a copy boy … and remembered the incident, but time had cancelled out the details. He did tell me that he, the editor of the paper, and the news staff had seen ‘the ship’, as he referred to the UFO. His story, even though it was fifty-six years old, smacked of others I¹d heard when he said that no one at the newspaper ever told anyone what they had seen; they didn¹t want people to think they were ‘crazy.’”
Jacobs notes that “Most arguments against the airship idea came from individuals who assumed that the witnesses did not see what they claimed to see. This is the crucial link between the 1896-97 phenomenon and the modern unidentified flying object phenomenon beginning in 1947. It also was central to the debate over whether unidentified flying objects constituted a unique phenomenon.” (Jacobs, 33-34)
Possible Explanations
Hoaxes or Misidentification
During the 1896-1897 wave, there were many attempts to explain the airship sightings, including suggestion of hoaxes, pranks, publicity stunts and hallucinations.. One man suggested the airships were swarms of lightning beetles misidentified by observers (Jacobs, 30).
Jacobs notes that many airship tales were due to ³Enterprising reporters perpetrating journalistic hoaxes.² (Jacobs, 16) However, Jacobs notes that many of these accounts ³are easy to identify because of their tongue-in-cheek tone, and accent on the sensational.² (ibid.) Furthermore, the supposed authors of many such newspaper hoaxes make their hoax obvious “by saying–in the last line–that he was writing from an insane asylum (or something to that effect).” (Jacobs, 17-18)
Human Flown Airships
Some argued that the airship reports were genuine accounts. Steerable airships had been publically flown in the US since the Aereon in 1863, and numerous inventors were working on airship and aircraft designs (the idea that a secretive inventor might have developed a viable craft with advanced capabilities was the focus of Jules Verne’s 1886 novel Robur the Conqueror).
Several individuals, including Lyman Gilmore and Charles Dellschau, were later identified as possible candidates for being involved in the design and construction of the airships, although little evidence was found in suppport of these ideas.
Extraterrestrial Origin
Early citations of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, all from 1897, include the Washington Times, which speculated that the airships were “a reconnoitering party from Mars”; and the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, which suggested of the airships, “these may be visitors from Mars, fearful, at the last, of invading the planet they have been seeking.” (Jacobs, 29) In 1909, a letter printed in the Otago Daily Times (New Zealand) suggested that the mystery airship sightings then being reported in that country were due to Martian “atomic-powered spaceships.” (Clark 2000, 123)
References:
Jerome Clark; The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial Visible Ink, 1998; ISBN 1-57859-029-9
Mystery Airships Wikipedia
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- 2012 Doomsday: What Is Truth? November 10, 20092012 is coming very soon. The movie, that is — the disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich depicting global catastrophe of Biblical proportions. The year itself is of course a few dozen months away, and there is growing interest, excitement, and concern for both events. The film “2012,” which opens Nov. 13, takes place, rather obviously, [...] […]bruceleeeowe
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