On The Space Time Foam

So far, I’ve just said “Spacetime is erupting into a higher Dimension.” Now let’s think more deeply about what we’ve been viewing.

What are these undulations into the higher Dimension?

Imagine a magical, extremely small 2-D pico-bug (as far as my brain can presently think, it seems that no real being could exist at this scale — it is space itself that is wildly undulating!) .

Imagine that the 2-D pico-bug is walking along its 2-D space, and the bug travels onto an undulation. Notice that this “undulation” allows the bug to remain in its physical 2-Dimensions, but move significantly into another Dimension.

Can you think of another name for these “undulations”? Maybe if I flip the picture upside down, it might help you.

What are they? (I’m hoping you don’t say “teeth,” “mountains,” “stalactites,” — guess what physicy thing they are!)

I recommend you don’t look at the physics words below until you take some guesses (“participatory education” is way more fun).

Here’s another hint:

They have to keep things simplified in a video, or it will take up way too much memory. Perhaps you were expecting more complex structures.

It’s true that some of these spatial undulations look analogous to the simple undulations in the video, but quite a few important ones look like the structure shown here on your left. So, the video should have shown huge numbers of these arising from space. Now do you have a good guess what we are viewing?

These are tiny wormholes!!And since they constantly erupt and disappear via Quantum Freedom, they are virtual wormholes !!! Just as the Freedom of Quantum allows virtual particles to dance in a fantastically-larger realm, here at this realm the Freedom of Quantum allows the continual arising and falling-away of virtual twists, bumps, and bridges of space.

So far we’ve just shown wormholes that warp 2-D space into a 3rd Dimension. The tiny virtual wormholes that fill all of our 3-D space are warped into a higher Dimension.

If we could shroom down to this level of existence, what would it be like to journey into one of these tiny wormholes? (Or heck, what would it be like to journey into any size wormhole?) We’d follow along in our familiar 3-D physical space, but it would be highly contorted as it bent into a higher Dimension. (If you didn’t follow this green statement, go back to the green words above describing the 2-D pico-bugs’ journey onto one of their wormholes. Always empathize with the 2-D bugs, they have much to teach us!)

Ok, now you’re ready to watch the video again with a deeper understanding. You now realize that you are watching virtual wormholes arising and disappearing. This interwoven, ever-changing, web of virtual wormholes twisting and undulating our 3-D space into a higher Dimension is the fabric in which you float!

You are basically a vast, amazing grouping of electron clouds (with very tiny, heavy p and n wavefunctions floating at the center of each e- cloud). This grouping of electron clouds is floating around in an interwoven web of virtual wormholes. Uh, . . . is Reality trippy, or what?

As you watch the wormholes in this video, in your mind allow the wormholes to erupt from every point in our 3-D space — twisting and undulating into each other and into a higher Dimension.

Let’s call our familiar left-right Dimension “Dimension -1” and our familiar forward-back Dimension “Dimension -2.” In illustrations like this we are forced to simplify — to picture virtual wormholes of Dimensions 1 and 2 tunneling into the up-down Dimension which we’ll call Dimension -3.

But into what Dimension do our 3 Dimensional virtual wormholes tunnel? Of course you all immediately answer back: “Oh, that’s easy — you already went over that earlier — the answer is the Valhalla Dimension.” Do you think it’s morally wrong to give someone trainer wheels when they are first learning?

I hope not, because that’s what I did. It’s not that I lied to you — our three Dimensional wormholes really do tunnel into the Valhalla Dimension. But this is Quantum Mechanics, folks — remember its motto: “Anything not explicitly forbidden is allowed to occur.”

Remember Hyperspace (also called “Superspace” or the “Grand Cosmic Situation)?

It’s the sum of all possible Dimensions — an infinite array. These Dimensions always exist as possibilities, but they can manifest themselves as physical space if conditions are appropriate. Amazingly, our virtual wormholes are literally undulations into all possible Dimensions! So one wormhole might twist our familar Dimensions 1, 2, and 3 into Dimensions 37 and 92 and 998.

Then the wormhole tunnels into Dimensions 1,924 and 17,319 and 16. Then the wormhole pokes into Dimensions 37,985,217 and 19 and 77. The wormhole does all this before it disappears. Meanwhile the wormhole right next to it, is twisting our 3 Dimensions into a set of completely-different higher Dimensions. Each virtual wormhole bends and twists our 3-D space into its own unique path in Hyperspace. Ok, there’s the full truth about the Reality in which you exist. How are you doing?

Remember when I met you for the first time and I told you that Reality, just as it is, is the wildest trip of all?
Looking back, do you now get a sense of that?

Let’s review your daily life — you are an amazing, organized grouping of ~ electron clouds (with very tiny, heavy p and n wavefunctions floating at the center of each e- cloud). This grouping of electron clouds is holding itself together by constantly exchanging various virtual mediators, and it prevents itself from passing through other groupings of electrons clouds (like the walls and floor of the room you are in) by exchanging virtual pusher photons with its surroundings. By movements of certain electron clouds among its vast herd, this grouping has self-awareness and consciousness. This grouping of e- clouds floats around in a space gently bent by another grouping called “Earth,” and this space itself consists of an interwoven web of virtual wormholes that extend out into an infinite array of other Dimensions.

Is Time Travel Possible? Why Time Travel Is Possible?

In one of the wildest developments in serious science for decades, researchers from California to Moscow have recently been investigating the possibility of time travel. They are not, as yet, building TARDIS lookalikes in their laboratories; but they have realised that according to the equations of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity (the best theory of time and space we have), there is nothing in the laws of physics to prevent time travel. It may be extremely difficult to put into practice; but it is not impossible.

It sounds like science fiction, but it is taken so seriously by relativists that some of them have proposed that there must be a law of nature to prevent time travel and thereby prevent paradoxes arising, even though nobody has any idea how such a law would operate. The classic paradox, of course, occurs when a person travels back in time and does something to prevent their own birth — killing their granny as a baby, in the more gruesome example, or simply making sure their parents never get together, as in Back to the Future. It goes against commonsense, say the sceptics, so there must be a law against it. This is more or less the same argument that was used to prove that space travel is impossible.

So what do Einstein’s equations tell us, if pushed to the limit? As you might expect, the possibility of time travel involves those most extreme objects, black holes. And since Einstein’s theory is a theory of space and time, it should be no surprise that black holes offer, in principle, a way to travel through space, as well as through time. A simple black hole won’t do, though. If such a black hole formed out of a lump of non-rotating material, it would simply sit in space, swallowing up anything that came near it. At the heart of such a black hole there is a point known as a singularity, where space and time cease to exist, and matter is crushed to infinite density. Thirty years ago, Roger Penrose (now of Oxford University) proved that anything which falls into such a black hole must be drawn into the singularity by its gravitational pull, and also crushed out of existence.

But, also in the 1960s, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr found that things are different if the black hole is rotating. A singularity still forms, but in the form of a ring, like the mint with a hole. In principle, it would be possible to dive into such a black hole and through the ring, to emerge in another place and another time. This “Kerr solution” was the first mathematical example of a time machine, but at the time nobody took it seriously. At the time, hardly anybody took the idea of black holes seriously, and interest in the Kerr solution only really developed in the 1970s, after astronmers discovered what seem to be real black holes, both in our own Milky Way Galaxy and in the hearts of other galaxies.

This led to a rash of popular publications claiming, to the annoyance of many relativists, that time travel might be possible. In the 1980s, though, Kip Thorne, of CalTech (one of the world’s leading experts in the general theory of relativity), and his colleagues set out to prove once and for all that such nonsense wasn’t really allowed by Einstein’s equations. They studied the situation from all sides, but were forced to the unwelcome conclusion that there really was nothing in the equations to prevent time travel, provided (and it is a big proviso) you have the technology to manipulate black holes. As well as the Kerr solution, there are other kinds of black hole time machine allowed, including setups graphically described as “wormholes”, in which a black hole at one place and time is connected to a black hole in another place and time (or the same place at a different time) through a “throat”. Thorne has described some of these possibilities in a recent book, Black Holes and Time Warps (Picador), which is packed with information but far from being an easy read. Now, Michio Kaku, a professor of physics in New York, has come up with a more accessible variation on the theme with his book Hyperspace (Oxford UP), which (unlike Thorne’s book) at least includes some discussion of the contribution of researchers such as Robert Heinlein to the study of time travel. The Big Bang, string theory, black holes and baby universes all get a mention here; but it is the chapter on how to build a time machine that makes the most fascinating reading.

“Most scientists, who have not seriously studied Einstein’s equations,” says Kaku, “dismiss time travel as poppycock”. And he then goes on to spell out why the few scientists who have seriously studied Einstein’s equations are less dismissive. Our favourite page is the one filled by a diagram which shows the strange family tree of an individual who manages to be both his/her own father and his/her own mother, based on the Heinlein story “All you zombies –“. And Kaku’s description of a time machine is something fans of Dr Who and H.G. Wells would be happy with:

[It] consists of two chambers, each containing two parallel metal plates. The intense electric fields created between each pair of plates (larger than anything possible with today’s technology) rips the fabric of space-time, creating a hole in space that links the two chambers.

Taking advantage of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which says that time runs slow for a moving object, one of the chambers is then taken on a long, fast journey and brought back: Time would pass at different rates at the two ends of the wormhole, [and] anyone falling into one end of the wormhole would be instantly hurled into the past or the future [as they emerge from the other end].

And all this, it is worth spelling out, has been published by serious scientists in respectable journals such as Physical Review Letters (you don’t believe us? check out volume 61, page 1446). Although, as you may have noticed, the technology required is awesome, involving taking what amounts to a black hole on a trip through space at a sizeable fraction of the speed of light. We never said it was going to be easy! So how do you get around the paradoxes? The scientists have an answer to that, too. It’s obvious, when you think about it; all you have to do is add in a judicious contribution from quantum theory to the time travelling allowed by relativity theory. As long as you are an expert in both theories, you can find a way to avoid the paradoxes.

It works like this. According to one interpretation of quantum physics (there are several interpretations, and nobody knows which one, if any, is “right”), every time a quantum object, such as an electron, is faced with a choice, the world divides to allow it to take every possibility on offer. In the simplest example, the electron may be faced with a wall containing two holes, so that it must go through one hole or the other. The Universe splits so that in one version of reality — one set of relative dimensions — it goes through the hole on the left, while in the other it goes through the hole on the right. Pushed to its limits, this interpretation says that the Universe is split into infinitely many copies of itself, variations on a basic theme, in which all possible outcomes of all possible “experiments” must happen somewhere in the “multiverse”. So there is, for example, a Universe in which the Labour Party has been in power for 15 years, and is now under threat from a resurgent Tory Party led by vibrant young John Major.

How does this resolve the paradoxes? Like this. Suppose someone did go back in time to murder their granny when she was a little girl. On this multiverse picture, they have slid back to a bifurcation point in history. After killing granny, they move forward in time, but up a different branch of the multiverse. In this branch of reality, they were never born; but there is no paradox, because in he universe next door granny is alive and well, so the murderer is born, and goes back in time to commit the foul deed!

Once again, it sounds like science fiction, and once again science fiction writers have indeed been here before. But this idea of parallel universes and alternative histories as a solution to the time travel paradoxes is also now being taken seriously by some (admittedly, not many) researchers, including David Deutsch, in Oxford. Their research deals with both time, and relative dimensions in space. You could make a nice acronym for that — TARDIS, perhaps?

Why Time Travel Is Possible?

Physicists have found the law of nature which prevents time travel paradoxes, and thereby permits time travel. It turns out to be the same law that makes sure light travels in straight lines, and which underpins the most straightforward version of quantum theory, developed half a century ago by Richard Feynman.

Relativists have been trying to come to terms with time travel for the past seven years, since Kip Thorne and his colleagues at Caltech discovered — much to their surprise — that there is nothing in the laws of physics (specifically, the general theory of relativity) to forbid it. Among several different ways in which the laws allow a time machine to exist, the one that has been most intensively studied mathematically is the “wormhole”. This is like a tunnel through space and time, connecting different regions of the Universe — different spaces and different times. The two “mouths” of the wormhole could be next to each other in space, but separated in time, so that it could literally be used as a time tunnel.

Building such a device would be very difficult — it would involve manipulating black holes, each with many times the mass of our Sun. But they could conceivably occur naturally, either on this scale or on a microscopic scale.

The worry for physicists is that this raises the possibility of paradoxes, familiar to science fiction fans. For example, a time traveller could go back in time and accidentally (or even deliberately) cause the death of her granny, so that neither the time traveller’s mother nor herself was ever born. People are hard to describe mathematically, but the equivalent paradox in the relativists’ calculations involves a billiard ball that goes in to one mouth of a wormhole, emerges in the past from the other mouth, and collides with its other self on the way in to the first mouth, so that it is knocked out of the way and never enters the time tunnel at all. But, of course, there are many possible “self consistent” journeys through the tunnel, in which the two versions of the billiard ball never disturb one another.

If time travel really is possible — and after seven years’ intensive study all the evidence says that it is — there must, it seems, be a law of nature to prevent such paradoxes arising, while permitting the self- consistent journeys through time. Igor Novikov, who holds joint posts at the P. N. Lebedev Institute, in Moscow, and at NORDITA (the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), in Copenhagen, first pointed out the need for a “Principle of Self-consistency” of this kind in 1989 . Now, working with a large group of colleagues in Denmark, Canada, Russia and Switzerland, he has found the physical basis for this principle.

It involves something known as the Principle of least action (or Principle of minimal action), and has been known, in one form or another, since the early seventeenth century. It describes the trajectories of things, such as the path of a light ray from A to B, or the flight of a ball tossed through an upper story window. And, it now seems, the trajectory of a billiard ball through a time tunnel. Action, in this sense, is a measure both of the energy involved in traversing the path and the time taken. For light (which is always a special case), this boils down to time alone, so that the principle of least action becomes the principle of least time, which is why light travels in straight lines.

You can see how the principle works when light from a source in air enters a block of glass, where it travels at a slower speed than in air. In order to get from the source A outside the glass to a point B inside the glass in the shortest possible time, the light has to travel in one straight line up to the edge of the glass, then turn through a certain angle and travel in another straight line (at the slower speed) on to point B. Travelling by any other route would take longer.

The action is a property of the whole path, and somehow the light (or “nature”) always knows how to choose the cheapest or simplest path to its goal. In a similar fashion, the principle of least action can be used to describe the entire curved path of the ball thrown through a window, once the time taken for the journey is specified. Although the ball can be thrown at different speeds on different trajectories (higher and slower, or flatter and faster) and still go through the window, only trajectories which satisfy the Principle of least action are possible. Novikov and his colleagues have applied the same principle to the “trajectories” of billiard balls around time loops, both with and without the kind of “self collision” that leads to paradoxes. In a mathematical tour de force, they have shown that in both cases only self-consistent solutions to the equations satisfy the principle of least action — or in their own words, “the whole set of classical trajectories which are globally self-consistent can be directly and simply recovered by imposing the principle of minimal action” (NORDITA Preprint, number 95/49A).

The word “classical” in this connection means that they have not yet tried to include the rules of quantum theory in their calculations. But there is no reason to think that this would alter their conclusions. Feynman, who was entranced by the principle of least action, formulated quantum physics entirely on the basis of it, using what is known as the “sum over histories” or “path integral” formulation, because, like a light ray seemingly sniffing out the best path from A to B, it takes account of all possible trajectories in selecting the most efficient.

So self-consistency is a consequence of the Principle of least action, and nature can be seen to abhor a time travel paradox. Which removes the last objection of physicists to time travel in principle — and leaves it up to the engineers to get on with the job of building a time machine.

Structure of Universe: Is It Correct?

What is spacetime geometry?     Think of a very large ball. Even though you look at the ball in three space dimensions, the outer surface of the ball has thegeometry of a sphere in two dimensions, because there are only two independent directions of motion along the surface. If you were very small and lived on the surface of the ball you might think you weren’t on a ball at all, but on a big flat two-dimensional plane. But if you were to carefully measure distances on the sphere, you would discover that you were not living on a flat surface but on the curved surface of a large sphere.     The idea of the curvature of the surface of the ball can apply to the whole Universe at once. That was the great breakthrough in Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Space and time are unified into a single geometric entity called spacetime, and the spacetime has a geometry, spacetime can be curved just like the surface of a large ball is curved.     When you look at or feel the surface of a large ball as a whole thing, you are experiencing the whole space of a sphere at once. The way mathematicians prefer to define the surface of that sphere is to describe the entire sphere, not just a part of it. One of the tricky aspects of describing a spacetime geometry is that we need to describe the whole of space and the whole of time. That means everywhere and forever at once. Spacetime geometry is the geometry of all space and all time together as one mathematical entity. What determines spacetime geometry?     Physicists generally work by looking for the equations of motion whose solutions best describe the system they want to describe. The Einstein equation is the classical equation of motion for spacetime. It’s a classical equation of motion because quantum behavior is never considered. The geometry of spacetime is treated as being classically certain, without any fuzzy quantum probabilities. For this reason, it is at best an approximation to the exact theory.     The Einstein equation says that the curvature in spacetime in a given direction is directly related to the energy and momentum of everything in the spacetime that isn’t spacetime itself. In other words, the Einstein equation is what ties gravity to non-gravity, geometry to non-geometry. The curvature is the gravity, and all of the “other stuff” — the electrons and quarks that make up the atoms that make up matter, the electromagnetic radiation, every particle that mediates every force that isn’t gravity — lives in the curved spacetime and at the same time determines its curvature through the Einstein equation. What is the geometry of our spacetime?     As mentioned previously, the full description of a given spacetime includes not only all of space but also all of time. In other words, everything that ever happened and ever will happen in that spacetime.     Now, of course, if we took that too literally, we would be in trouble, because we can’t keep track of every little thing that ever happened and ever will happen to change the distribution of energy and momentum in the Universe. Luckily, humans are gifted with the powers of abstraction and approximation, so we can make abstract models that approximate the real Universe fairly well at large distances, say at the scale of galactic clusters.     To solve the equations, simplifying assumptions also have to be made about the spacetime curvature. The first assumption we’ll make is that spacetime can be neatly separated into space and time. This isn’t always true in curved spacetime, in some cases such as around a spinning black hole, space and time get twisted together and can no longer be neatly separated. But there is no evidence that the Universe is spinning around in a way that would cause that to happen. So the assumption that all of spacetime can be described as space changing with time is well-justified.     The next important assumption, the one behind the Big Bang theory, is that at every time in the Universe, space looks the same in every direction at every point. Looking the same in every direction is called isotropic, and looking the same at every point is called homogeneous. So we’re assuming that space is homogenous and isotropic. Cosmologists call this the assumption of maximal symmetry. At the large distance scales relevant to cosmology, it turns out that it’s a reasonable approximation to make.     When cosmologists solve the Einstein equation for the spacetime geometry of our Universe, they consider three basic types of energy that could curve spacetime:     1. Vacuum energy     2. Radiation     3. Matter The radiation and matter in the Universe are treated like a uniform gases with equations of state that relate pressure to density.     Once the assumptions of uniform energy sources and maximal symmetry of space have been made, the Einstein equation reduces to two ordinary differential equations that are easy to solve using basic calculus. The solutions tell us two things: the geometry of space, and how the size of space changes with time.

Open, closed or flat?

    If at every time, space at every point looks the same in every direction, then space has to have constant curvature. If the curvature was different at any point, then space would look different in that direction from every other point. Therefore if space is maximally symmetric, the curvature has to be the same at every point.
    So that narrows us down to three options for the geometry of space: positive, negative or zero curvature. When there is no vacuum energy present, just matter or radiation, the curvature of space also tells us the time evolution of the spacetime in question:

A sphere has constant positive curvature.

Positive: The unique N-dimensional space with constant positive curvature is an N-dimensional sphere. The cosmological scenario where space has positive constant curvature is called a closed Universe. In this spacetime, space expands from zero volume in a Big Bang but then reaches a maximum volume and starts to contract back to zero volume in a Big Crunch.

Zero: A space with zero curvature is called (no surprise here) a flat space. A flat space is noncompact, space extends infinitely far in any direction, so this option also represents an open Universe. This spacetime has space expanding forever in time.

A hyperboloid has constant negative curvature.

Negative: The unique N-dimensional space with constant negative curvature is an N-dimensional pseudosphere. To compare this funny word with something more familiar, a hyperboloid is a two-dimensional pseudosphere. With negative curvature, space has infinite volume. The negative curvature option represents an open Universe. This spacetime also has space expanding forever in time.

    What determines whether a Universe is open or closed? For a closed Universe, the total energy density ρ in the Universe has to be greater than the value that gives a flat Universe, called the critical density ρ₀. Let ω = ρ/ρ₀. So a closed Universe has ω > 1, a flat Universe has ω = 1 and an open Universe has ω < 1.
   The above analysis only takes into account energy from matter, and neglects any vacuum energy that might be present. Vacuum energy leads to a constant energy density that is called the cosmological constant.
   Which behavior represents our observed Universe? To discuss the most recent observations, first we need to look at dark matter and the cosmological constant.

Where does dark matter come in?

   The matter in the Universe that we can see mainly consists of stars and hot gas or other stuff that emits light of some wavelength that can be detected by either our eyes, telescopes or complicated instrumentation. But for the last two decades, astronomers have been seeing evidence of vast amounts of invisible matter in the Universe.
   For example, there doesn’t seem to be enough visible matter in the form of stars and interstellar gas to hold most galaxies together gravitationally. According to estimates of how much mass would actually be needed to keep the average galaxy from flying apart, it is now widely believed by physicists and astronomers that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible. This matter is called dark matter, and it’s important for cosmology.
   If there is dark matter, then what could it be made of? If it were made of quarks like ordinary matter, then in the early Universe, more helium and deuterium would have been produced than could exist in the Universe today. Particle physicists tend to think that dark matter could consist of supersymmetric particles that are very heavy but couple very weakly to the particles observed in accelerators now.
    The visible matter in the Universe is much less than closure density, therefore, if there were nothing else, our Universe should be open. But is the dark matter enough to close the Universe? In other words, if ω_B is the density of ordinary matter and ω_D is the density of dark matter in the Universe today, does ω_B + ω_D = 1? Studies of galactic motion show that even including dark matter, the total only adds up to about 30% of closure density, with ω _B making up 5% and ω_D accounting for as much as 25%.
    But that’s not the end of the story. There’s another possible source of energy in the Universe: the cosmological constant.

What about the cosmological constant?

    Einstein didn’t always like the conclusions of his own work. His equation of motion for spacetime predicted that a Universe filled with ordinary matter would expand. Einstein wanted a theory where the Universe stayed the same size forever. To fix the Einstein equation, he added a term now called the cosmological constant, that balanced the energy density of matter and radiation to make a Universe that neither expanded nor contracted, but stayed the same for eternity.
    Once everyone accepted Hubble’s evidence that the Universe was expanding, Einstein’s cosmological constant theory was abandoned. However, it was resurrected by relativistic quantum theories where a cosmological constant arises naturally and dynamically from the quantum oscillations of virtual particles and antiparticles. This is called the quantum zero point energy, which is a possible source of the vacuum energy of spacetime. The challenge in quantum theory is to avoid producing too much vacuum energy, and that’s one reason why physicists study supersymmetric theories.
    A cosmological constant can act to speed up or slow down the expansion of the Universe, depending on whether it is positive or negative. When a cosmological constant is added to a spacetime with matter and radiation, the story gets more complicated than the simple open or closed scenarios described above.

What’s the final answer?

   The Big Bang began with a radiation dominated era, which accounted for the first 10,000-100,000 years of the evolution of our Universe. Right now the dominant forms of energy in our Universe are matter and vacuum energy. The latest measurements from astronomers tell us:
   1. Our Universe is pretty flat: The cosmic microwave background is the relic of Big Bang thermal radiation, cooled to the temperature of 2.73° Kelvin. But it didn’t cool perfectly smoothly, and after the radiation cooled, there were some lumps left over. The angular size of those lumps as observed from our present location in spacetime depends on the spatial curvature of the Universe. The currently observed lumpiness in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background is just right for a flat Universe that expands forever.
   2. There is a cosmological constant: There is vacuum energy, or something that acts just like IT, to make the expansion of the Universe accelerate in time. The acceleration of the Universe can be seen in the redshifts of distant supernovae.
   3. Most of the matter in the Universe is dark matter: Studies of galatic motion show that ordinary visible matter in stars, galaxies, planets, and interstellar gas only makes up a small fraction of the total energy density of the Universe.
   The Universe at our current epoch has (approximately)

So right now the density of vacuum energy in our Universe is only about twice as large as the energy density from dark matter, with the contribution from visible baryonic matter almost negligible. The total adds up to a flat universe which should expand forever.

Superstrings to Rescue..?

Quantum physics hadn’t resolved our current perceptive of particle energy theme, That’s why superstring has to be inserted in matter energy theme. Even though the natural length scale of string theory is much much much too small to be be measure directly in particle experiments, there are aspects of string theory that might be measurable with today’s technology or with technology of near future.

One of the prediction of string theory is that at higher energy scales, we should start to see evidence of a symmetry that gives every particle that transmits a force(boson), a partner particle that makes up matter or fermion and vice versa. The symmetry between forces and matter is called supersymmetry and partner particles are superpartners. In current particle experiments we can’t yet see any direct evidence for the existence of superpartners for known elementary particles(there is some indirect evidence however). There is a good chance we could start to see superpartners in future particle experiments. He that happened, it could turn out to be evidence for string theory. Recently, LHC experiment that was done to find evidence of god particle or higgs boson but it was failed due some reasons. May be, perhaps one day we’ll able to find evidence of such particles in near future, if and only if our such hypothesized particle do exist otherwise total waste of time and money.

Intersteller Travel: Warp drive

Have you ever imagined for travelling faster than light and if so, it is quite possible using warp drives. Warp drives are most appealing option. A ship can’t note through space faster than the speed of light , but with enough energy, space itself can move faster than light as it has done about 1500 million years ago during big bang( universe has expanded faster than light). Known for the maximum physicists Miguel Alcubierre who origingally developed the idea in the 1990’s. This drive would create a bubble of energy behind the ship and a lack of energy in front of the ship like a giant cosmic wave a spaceship could sure. That particular section of space can travel faster than light in the surrounding space and anything on or in that bubble will accelerate with it. Creating this bubble of space time by using a massive amount of exotic matter or dark energy. Though it would take a huge amount of energy to create the bubble , and then increasing the amounts of energy to contain the highly repulsive dark energy. Eventually the energy would run out. The bubble would rupture, with catastrophic effect. Inside the bubble , the temperature would rise up to 10^32 K ,destroying everything in the bubble. Anyone watching the near by wouldn’t be much better off. The warp drive will be deestablised and in the end eitheres explode or collapsed to a black hole. The results makes sense at least when creating warp drive using exotic matter in a universe. A possibility with string theory, a stable warp drive is viable. Last year Cleaver detailed a string theory based warp drive that creates the bubble of space time by expanding one of the tiny rolled up dimensions predicted by the super string theory. The biggest sticky point to warp drive is that the entire mass of Jupiter would have to converted into energy to power it and That’s too much in order to empower such ship and how we have no answer.

Faster than light

It is possible to travel faster than light and made by warp drive. By manipulating extradimensions with astronomical amount of energy. Physicists have outlined how a warp drive could be created that would bend not break the laws of EINSTEIN’s special relativity. The warp drive engine is based on a design first proposed in 1994 by Miguel Alcubierre. This drive involvedr expanding the fabric of space behind a spaceship into a bubble and shrinking space time in front of ship. The ship would rent in between the expanding and shrinking space time , essentially surfing down the side of bubble. Actually ship is enveloped in bubble of warp lines. The tricky part is that the ship wouldn’t actually move , space moves itself underneath ship. A beam of light next to the ship would still zoom away, same as it always does, but a beam of light far from the ship would be left behind. That means that the ship would arrive its destination faster than light without violating laws of physics. Cleaver and coauthor Richard Obousy , propose manipulating the eleventh dimension a special theoretical construct of m theory, to create the bubble the sir would surf down. Very like possibility , I think too but not in such way.